{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:22:40Z","timestamp":1768566160164,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the extent of variability in the reporting of heroin\u2010related deaths in Victoria, Australia. Additionally, to identify opportunities to improve the accuracy and consistency of heroin\u2010related death reporting by examining variability in the attribution, death certification, classification and coding of heroin\u2010related death cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heroin\u2010related deaths in Victoria, Australia during a 2\u2010year period (2012\u201313) were identified using the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) and used as the \u2018gold standard\u2019 measure in this study. Heroin\u2010related death data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) were then compared. Differences in the number of deaths reported as well as the classification and coding assigned to the identified heroin\u2010related death cases were investigated by cross\u2010referencing these data sets and examining the assigned ICD\u201010 codes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 243 heroin\u2010related deaths were identified through the NCIS compared with 165 heroin\u2010related deaths reported by the AIHW and assigned the heroin\u2010specific ICD\u201010 code of T40.1. Forty per cent of all the missed heroin\u2010related death cases resulted from either the attribution of the death to morphine toxicity or with non\u2010specific drug toxicity certification; 30% occurred where the cases had been attributed to heroin but there were irregularities in death certification. Additional missed heroin\u2010related death cases occurred as a result of late initial registration of these deaths to the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, and where these cases were then not assessed by the ABS for classification and coding purposes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Victoria, Australia, in 2012 and 2013, the overall number of heroin\u2010related deaths was under\u2010reported by 32% compared with the number of deaths currently identified by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and reported by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T03:48:06Z","timestamp":1541476086000},"page":"504-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An analysis of issues in the classification and reporting of heroin\u2010related deaths"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0176-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Stam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Gerostamoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Pilgrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mortality Data Centre, Health and Vital Statistics Section Australian Bureau of Statistics  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olaf H.","family":"Drummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime\/World Health Organization (UNODC\/WHO).Discussion paper. 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