{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:51:36Z","timestamp":1791985896118,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To collate prevalence estimates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) among special subpopulations (defined by service use).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic literature review and meta\u2010analysis of original, quantitative studies published between 1\u00a0November 1973 and 1\u00a0December 2018. The PRISMAGATHER were adhered to. The review protocol [includes FASD prevalence in (a) general and (b) special populations] is available on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42016033837). Prevalence estimates were collated for all included studies with country\u2010, disorder\u2010 [FASD and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)] and population\u2010specific random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A number of service\u2010defined subpopulations globally (see Findings).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main outcome was the prevalence of FASD among special subpopulations. The critical appraisal of each study was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 69 studies, comprising 6177 individuals diagnosed with FASD from 17 countries: Australia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05), Brazil (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02), Canada (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015), Chile (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04), eastern Europe (Moldova, Romania and Ukraine; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01), Germany (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01), Israel (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01), Lithuania (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01), the Netherlands (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01), Poland (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01), Russia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09), South Korea (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01), Spain (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01), Sweden (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01) and United States (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a025). FAS and FASD prevalence rates were collated for the following five subpopulations: children in care, correctional, special education, specialized clinical and Aboriginal populations. The estimated prevalence of FASD in these special subpopulations was 10\u201340 times higher compared with the 7.7 per 1000 (95% confidence interval\u00a0=\u00a04.9\u201311.7) global FASD prevalence in the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Global subpopulations of children in care, correctional, special education, specialized clinical and Aboriginal populations have a significantly higher prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder compared with the general population, which poses a substantial global health problem.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T17:35:16Z","timestamp":1551720916000},"page":"1150-1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among special subpopulations: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6308-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Popova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Factor\u2010Inwentash Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8067-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1871-8849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Shield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Burd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of North Dakota School of Medicine  Grand Forks ND USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30021-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment","author":"Stratton K.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Consensus statement: Recognizing alcohol\u2010related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) in primary health care of children. Rockville MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism;2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01345-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD\u201010)","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agv117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"e91","article-title":"The burden of prenatal exposure to alcohol: revised measurement of cost","volume":"16","author":"Stade B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","article-title":"The burden of prenatal exposure to alcohol: measurement of cost","volume":"4","author":"Stade B.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J FAS Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"e80","article-title":"Costs of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Alberta, Canada","volume":"16","author":"Thanh N. X.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"25","author":"May P. A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"A summary. Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 14","author":"StataCorp","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"763","article-title":"Pre\u2010placement screening in international adoption","volume":"5","author":"Diamond G. W.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Related Conditions: the 4\u2010digit Diagnostic Code","author":"Astley S. J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23326"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0259"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370705200505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Children with Disabilities Receiving Services from Child Welfare Agencies in Manitoba","author":"Fuchs D. B. L.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","volume-title":"A Tri\u2010Province Initiative to Expand Understanding of Costs, Services and Prevention of a Public Health Issue: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Children\/Youth In Care (2010\u20132014): Study on the Prevalence of FASD in Canadian Child Welfare Settings: Final Report","author":"Fuchs D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"e432","article-title":"Physical and neurodevelopmental evaluation of children adopted from Eastern Europe","volume":"16","author":"Robert M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"1218","article-title":"Prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in foster homes of the Servicio Nacional de Menores, VIII region","volume":"115","author":"Mena M.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chile. Rev Med Chile"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1980.tb05626.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Alcohol drinking in parents and its relation with intellectual score of their children","volume":"121","author":"Mena M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev Med Chile"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","article-title":"Prevalence of FAS in Germany","volume":"19","author":"Feldmann R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"725","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Israel: increased prevalence in an at\u2010risk population","volume":"13","author":"Tenenbaum A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","volume-title":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment","author":"Stratton K.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","article-title":"The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and concomitant disorders among orphanage children in Lithuania","volume":"19","author":"Kuzmenkovien\u0117 E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in children adopted from Poland: neurobehavioral functioning and early detection","volume":"19","author":"Knuiman S. R. C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Epidemiology of congenital malformations in children in the pre\u2010adoption intervention Centre in Otwock in 2008\u20132012","volume":"16","author":"Gyrczuk E. K. I.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fam Med Pri Care Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"AronsonJ. E.Prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effect in preadoptive evaluations of children in Russian orphanages. Evan B. Donald Institute Conference\u2014Adoption and Prenatal Alcohol and Drug Exposure: The Research Policy and Practice Challenges. Alexandria VA 1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","unstructured":"KonovalovaV.V. K. T. MarinchevaG. S.Fetal'nyy alkogol'nyy sindrom u detey shkol'nogo vozrasta. [Fetal alcohol syndrome in schoolchildren]. Materiali IV Mezhdunarodnogo Kongressa \u2018Molodoe pokolenie XXI veka: aktual'nye problemy sotsial'no\u2010psikhologicheskogo zdorov'ya\u2019. [Materials from the IV International Congress;The Young Generation of the XXI Century: Actual Problems of Social and Mental Health\u2019].Kirov Russia:Kirovskaya Gosudarstvennaya Medicinskaya Academiya [Kirov State Medical Academy];2009 pp. 106\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13556219971542"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00537.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000052703.38558.B2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2005.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","volume-title":"Morfo\u2010funktcionalnaia diagnostika posledstvii vnutriutrobnogo alkogolnogo vozdeistviia u detei rannego vozrasta [Morpho\u2010functional diagnostics of consequences of intrauterine alcohol exposure in infants]","author":"Bubnov A. A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","volume-title":"Kliniko\u2010funktcionalnaia kharakteristika fetalnogo alkogolnogo sindroma u detei rannego vozrasta [Clinical and functional characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in early childhood]","author":"Legonkova S. V.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Frequency of fetal alcohol syndrome in institutionalized children of eastern European countries","volume":"53","author":"Olivan\u2010Gonzalvo G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0712"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550110060037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"555","volume-title":"Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation","author":"Lyons K. L.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.129030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2171"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030857590402800206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Health status of US adopted eastern European (EE) orphans","volume":"39","author":"Johnson D. E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181b1fd08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","volume-title":"National Task Force on FAS\/FAE,. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis","author":"Bertrand J. F. R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5245(00)70021-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.e76"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2009.22.1.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025408098026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3778"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019605"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13625"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome in the Canadian corrections system","volume":"1","author":"Burd L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J FAS Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199910000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","volume-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) in a correctional population: Prevalence, screening and characteristics","author":"MacPherson P. H.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","volume-title":"Final Report to Yukon Justice: Estimating the Prevalence of FASD, Mental Health, and Substance Use Problems in the Justice System","author":"McLachlan K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","volume-title":"The McCreary Centre Society. Time Out II: A Profile of BC Youth in Custody","author":"Murphy A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320701900306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome: understanding its impact","volume":"7","author":"Boland F.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Forum Correct Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210410001717060"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome at schools for children mentally handicapped children in Concepcion","volume":"20","author":"Mena M. C. V.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chile Bull Pan Am Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","first-page":"1252","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome: prevalence in 4 special education schools in Chile","volume":"116","author":"Mena M.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Med Chile"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.37392"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.1999.00201.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400162"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"The prevalence of genetic disorders, birth defects and syndromes in central and eastern Kentucky","volume":"94","author":"Cadle R. G.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Ky Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Under recognition of prenatal alcohol exposure in a child inpatient psychiatric setting","volume":"9","author":"O'Connor M. J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ment Health Aspects Dev Disabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","first-page":"128A","article-title":"Prevalence of the fetal alcohol syndrome in a developmental clinic population","volume":"32","author":"Shanske A. L.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2003.00208.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.2.358"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12746"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","volume-title":"Report on the Survey of Children with Chronic Handicaps and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in the Yukon and Northwest British Columbia","author":"Asante K. O.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","volume-title":"A Examination of the Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on School\u2010age Children in a Manitoba First Nation Community. A Study of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Prevalence and Dysmorphologies","author":"Kowlessar D. L.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Clinical profile and prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in an isolated community in British Columbia","volume":"137","author":"Robinson G. C.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/1071403ar"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Leading major congenital malformations among minority groups in the United States, 1981\u20101986","volume":"37","author":"Chavez G. F.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Morb Mort Wkly Rep CDC Surveill Summ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Use of international classification of diseases coding to identify fetal alcohol syndrome\u2014Indian Health Service facilities, 1981\u20131992","volume":"44","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1995","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"A fetal alcohol syndrome surveillance pilot project in American Indian communities in the Northern Plains","volume":"108","author":"Duimstra C.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.5.781"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome among children aged 7\u20139 years\u2014Arizona, Colorado, and New York, 2010","volume":"64","author":"Fox D. J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_102_1","first-page":"374","article-title":"Epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome among American Indians of the southwest","volume":"30","author":"May P. A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Soc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_104_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Establishing the occurrence of FAS\/FAE in a rural community","volume":"18","author":"Quaid J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Provider"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009318531103900107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404172"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/GENP.133.4.435-451"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_109_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"A conceptual model of historical trauma: implications for public health practice and research","volume":"1","author":"Sotero M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Health Dispar Res Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2009.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_113_1","volume-title":"Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE)","author":"Streissguth A. P.","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadd.14598","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.14598","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.14598","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.14598","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T03:56:48Z","timestamp":1694231808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.14598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.14598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14598","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}