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Whether there have been corresponding changes in the likelihood of people with prescription opioid use disorder (POUD) to engage in illegal behaviors related to drug use remains unknown. We examined changes in prevalence of illegal behaviors between people with and without POUD over time, and how transactions for obtaining opioids have changed among people with POUD over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Temporal trend analysis of repeated cross\u2010sectional data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>United States household dwelling population from all 50 states and District of Columbia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult subsamples from the 2002\u201314 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a05393 people with POUD;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0486\u2009768 people without POUD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Outcome variables were selected illegal behaviors and sources of opioids used non\u2010medically. POUD was defined using the\n                      <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 4th edition, criteria. Time was treated as a continuous variable. The variable of interest for each illegal behavior analysis was the interaction between POUD diagnosis and time. Covariates included age, sex and race\/ethnicity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the 13\u2010year period examined, the adjusted interaction odds ratio (AIOR) describing the change in association between POUD and selling illicit drugs increased by a factor of 2.41 [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.56\u20133.71,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001]. Similar trends were noted for stealing (AIOR\u00a0=\u00a02.12, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.31\u20133.44,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.002) and for life\u2010time history of arrest (AIOR\u00a0=\u00a01.53, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.06\u20132.19,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.021). People with POUD became less likely to receive opioids for free from friends and family [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u00a0=\u00a00.42, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.25\u20130.71,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001] and more likely to buy them from friends and family (AOR\u00a0=\u00a03.29, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.76\u20136.13,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) from 2005 to 2014.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the United States, against a backdrop of a decreasing prescription opioid supply, rates of some crimes potentially related to drug use increased among people with prescription opioid use disorder compared with those without prescription opioid use disorder from 2002 to 2014.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T07:40:52Z","timestamp":1556523652000},"page":"2150-2159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Changes in associations between prescription opioid use disorder and illegal behaviors among adults in the United States from 2002 to 2014"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5291-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie M.","family":"Mintz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Hartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7112-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob T.","family":"Borodovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Bierut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8191-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.","family":"Grucza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine  St Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","article-title":"Trends in prescriptions for oxycodone and other commonly used opioids in the United States, 2000\u20132010","volume":"6","author":"Kenan K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"2444","article-title":"Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 1999\u20132008 (reprinted from MMWR, vol 60, pp. 1487\u20131492, 2011)","volume":"306","author":"Paulozzi L. 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