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This study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of commonly used smoking cessation aids and test whether their effectiveness differs according to cigarette addiction, socio\u2010economic status, age or sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Correlational design using cross\u2010sectional survey data collected monthly between 2006 and 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>England.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 18\u2009929 adults (aged \u2265\u00a016\u00a0years, 52.0% female) who had smoked within the previous 12\u00a0months and had made at least one quit attempt during that period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outcome was self\u2010reported abstinence from quit date to survey. Independent variables were self\u2010reported use during the most recent quit attempt of: prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), NRT over\u2010the\u2010counter, varenicline, bupropion, e\u2010cigarettes, face\u2010to\u2010face behavioural support, telephone support, written self\u2010help materials, websites and hypnotherapy. Moderators were cigarette addiction, social grade, age and sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjustment for covariates and use of other cessation aids, users of e\u2010cigarettes [odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a01.95, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.69\u20132.24] and varenicline (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.82, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.51\u20132.21) had significantly higher odds of reporting abstinence than those who did not report use of these cessation aids. Use of prescription NRT was associated with increased abstinence in older (\u2265\u00a045\u00a0years) (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.58, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.25\u20132.00) but not younger (&lt;\u00a045\u00a0years) smokers (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.09, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.85\u20131.42). Use of websites was associated with increased abstinence in smokers from lower (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.20, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.22\u20133.98) but not higher social grades (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.74, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.40\u20131.38). There was little evidence of benefits of using other cessation aids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Use of e\u2010cigarettes and varenicline are associated with higher abstinence rates following a quit attempt in England. Use of prescription of nicotine replacement therapy is also associated with higher abstinence rates, but only in older smokers, and use of websites only in smokers from lower socio\u2010economic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T20:01:12Z","timestamp":1558555272000},"page":"1627-1638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Moderators of real\u2010world effectiveness of smoking cessation aids: a population study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5658-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9454-023X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Kotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Addiction Research and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010University D\u00fcsseldorf Institute of General Practice  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2797-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61720-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12623"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","article-title":"Real\u2010world effectiveness of pharmaceutical smoking cessation aids: time\u2010varying effects","author":"Chaiton M","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta\u2010analysis","author":"Cahill K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30272-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","article-title":"Lancaster T. physician advice for smoking cessation","author":"Stead LF","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","article-title":"Mobile phone\u2010based interventions for smoking cessation","author":"Whittaker R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","article-title":"Print\u2010based self\u2010help interventions for smoking cessation","volume":"6","author":"Hartmann\u2010Boyce J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","article-title":"Internet\u2010based interventions for smoking cessation","author":"Taylor G. 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