{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:22:51Z","timestamp":1793506971358,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DA040500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DA040500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32MH073553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH073553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2002 and 2014, past\u2010month marijuana use among pregnant women in the United States increased 62%, nearly twice the growth of the general population. This growth coincides with the proliferation of state medical marijuana laws (MMLs) authorizing physicians to recommend marijuana for approved conditions. We estimated the association between MMLs and substance use treatment utilization among pregnant and non\u2010pregnant women of reproductive age. We also examined whether the association varied across MML provisions, age groups and treatment referral sources to clarify potential pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nation\u2010wide administrative data from the 2002\u201314 Treatment Episodes Data Set Admissions, and a difference\u2010in\u2010differences design that exploited the staggered implementation of MMLs to compare changes in outcomes before and after implementation between MML and non\u2010MML states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010one MML and 27 non\u2010MML US states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant and non\u2010pregnant women aged 12\u201349 admitted to publicly funded specialty substance use treatment facilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The primary outcome variable was the number of treatment admissions per 100\u2009000 women aged 12\u201349, aggregated at the state\u2010year level (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0606). Admissions for marijuana, alcohol, cocaine and opioids were considered. The primary independent variable was an indicator of MML implementation in a state.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among pregnant women, the rate of marijuana treatment admissions increased by 4.69 [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.32, 8.06] in MML states relative to non\u2010MML states. This growth was accompanied by increases in treatment admissions involving alcohol (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a03.19; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.97, 5.410 and cocaine (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a02.56; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.34, 4.79), was specific to adults (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a05.50; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.52, 9.47) and was largest in states granting legal protection for marijuana dispensaries (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a06.37; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u20130.97, 13.70). There was no statistically significant association between MMLs and treatment admissions by non\u2010pregnant women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical marijuana law implementation in US states has been associated with greater substance use treatment utilization by pregnant adult women, especially in states with legally protected dispensaries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T04:16:27Z","timestamp":1558325787000},"page":"1593-1601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Medical marijuana laws are associated with increases in substance use treatment admissions by pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6597-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Meinhofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Witman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cameron School of Business University of North Carolina Wilmington  Wilmington NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9104-0670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report. 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