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This paper examined: (1) whether genome\u2010wide polygenic scores (GPS) for alcohol consumption are associated with alcohol misuse; (2) whether these GPS are moderated by romantic relationships (gene\u2013environment interaction; G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0E) and (3) whether G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0E results are consistent across sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linear mixed\u2010effects models were used to test associations between genome\u2010wide polygenic scores, relationship status and alcohol use\/misuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Finnish twins born between 1983 and 1987 identified through Finland's central population registry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An intensively studied subset of Finnish Twin Study (FinnTwin12) during the young adult phase (aged 20\u201326\u00a0years). The analytical sample includes those with complete interview and genetic data (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01201).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key measurements included involvement in a romantic partnership, drinking frequency, intoxication frequency and DSM\u2010IV alcohol dependence (AD) symptoms. Genome\u2010wide polygenic scores (GPS) were created from available summary statistics from a large genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) of drinks per week.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GPS predicted drinking frequency [\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.109; 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a00.050, 0.168], intoxication frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.111; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.054, 0.168) and AD symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.123; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.064, 0.182). Having a romantic relationship negatively influenced the association between GPS and drinking frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.105; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.211, \u22120.001), intoxication frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.118; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.220, \u22120.016) and AD symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.119; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.229, \u22120.009). There was a three\u2010way interaction between sex, relationship status and GPS for intoxication frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.223; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.013, 0.433), such that the reduced association between GPS and intoxication frequency for those in a relationship was only apparent in males. We found no evidence of three\u2010way interactions for drinking frequency or AD symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Being in a romantic relationship reduced the association between genetic predisposition and drinking, high\u2010risk drinking and alcohol problems. However, for high\u2010risk drinking the protective effect was limited to males, mapping onto earlier findings suggesting that males benefit more from romantic partnerships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T20:49:47Z","timestamp":1561495787000},"page":"1753-1762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Polygenic risk for alcohol misuse is moderated by romantic partnerships"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9321-657X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter B.","family":"Barr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally I\u2010Chun","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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