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We compared indicators of prior and current cigarette smoking dependence and of relapse in former smokers who were daily users of nicotine vaping products (\u2018vapers\u2019) or who were not vaping at the time of survey (\u2018non\u2010vapers\u2019).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional survey\u2010based comparison between vaping and non\u2010vaping former smokers, including a weighted logistic regression of vaping status onto predictor variables, adjusting for covariates specified below.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>United States, Canada, Australia and England.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1070 people aged 18+ years from the 2016 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 1 Survey who reported having ever been daily smokers but who stopped less than 2\u00a0years ago and who were currently vapers or non\u2010vapers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dependent variable was current vaping status. Predictor variables were self\u2010reported: (1) smoking within 5\u00a0minutes of waking and usual daily cigarette consumption, both assessed retrospectively; (2) current perceived addiction to smoking, urges to smoke and confidence in staying quit. Covariates: country, sample sources, sex, age group, ethnicity, income, education, current nicotine replacement therapy use and time since quitting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vapers were more likely than non\u2010vapers to report: (1) having smoked within 5\u00a0minutes of waking [34.3 versus 15.9%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u00a0=\u00a03.74, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.99, 7.03), \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a016.92, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001]; having smoked &gt;\u00a010 cigarettes\/day (74.4 versus 47.2%, aOR\u00a0=\u00a04.39, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.22, 8.68), \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a018.18, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001); (2) perceiving themselves to be still very addicted to smoking (41.3 versus 26.2%, aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.89, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.58, 5.30, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a011.87, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and feeling extremely confident about staying quit (62.1 versus 36.6%, aOR\u00a0=\u00a03.22, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.86, 5.59, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a017.36, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Vapers were not more likely to report any urges to smoke than non\u2010vapers (27.7 versus 38.8%, aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.86, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.44, 1.65, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.21, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.643).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While former smokers who currently vape nicotine daily report higher levels of cigarette smoking dependence pre\u2010 and post\u2010cessation compared with former smokers who are current non\u2010vapers, they report greater confidence in staying quit and similar strength of urges to smoke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T09:10:23Z","timestamp":1561108223000},"page":"49-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Indicators of cigarette smoking dependence and relapse in former smokers who vape compared with those who do not: findings from the 2016 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Ann","family":"McNeill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictions Department Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco &amp; Alcohol Studies  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pete","family":"Driezen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara C.","family":"Hitchman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictions Department Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco &amp; Alcohol Studies  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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