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However, their implementation can be resource\u2010intensive for clinical staff. Mobile telephone\u2010based systems might offer a low\u2010cost alternative. This approach could facilitate remote monitoring of behaviour and delivery of the reinforcer and minimize issues of staffing and resources. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis assessed the evidence for the effectiveness of mobile telephone\u2010delivered CM interventions to promote abstinence (from drugs, alcohol and tobacco), medication adherence and treatment engagement among individuals with substance use disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search of databases (PsychINFO, CINAHL, MEDLINE PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase) for randomized controlled trials and within\u2010subject design studies (1995\u20132019). The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>All included studies originated in the United states.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven studies were found, including 222 participants; two targeted alcohol abstinence among frequent drinkers and four targeted smoking cessation (in homeless veterans and those with post\u2010traumatic stress disorder). One targeted medication adherence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The efficacy of CM to increase alcohol and nicotine abstinence was compared with control using several outcomes; percentage of negative samples (PNS), quit rate (QR) and longest duration abstinent (LDA) at the end of the intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses produced pooled effect sizes of; PNS [<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.94, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a00.63\u20131.25], LDA (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.08, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.69\u20131.46) and QR (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.46, 95% CI\u00a0= 0.27\u20130.66), demonstrating better outcomes across the CM conditions. Most of the studies were rated as of moderate quality. \u2018Fail\u2010safe <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>' computations for PNS indicated that 50 studies would be needed to produce a non\u2010significant overall effect size. None could be calculated for QR and LDA due to insufficient number of studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mobile telephone\u2010delivered contingency management performs significantly better than control conditions in reducing tobacco and alcohol use among adults not in treatment for substance use disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T20:29:37Z","timestamp":1562099377000},"page":"1915-1925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Mobile telephone\u2010delivered contingency management interventions promoting behaviour change in individuals with substance use disorders: a meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4151-7797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol\u2010Ann","family":"Getty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London The National Addiction Centre  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Social Work Middlesex University  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Morande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London The National Addiction Centre  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Social Work Middlesex University  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9989-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Lynskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London The National Addiction Centre  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Social Work Middlesex University  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London The National Addiction Centre  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Social Work Middlesex University  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Metrebian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London The National Addiction Centre  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Social Work Middlesex University  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01581.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01311.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00068-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Contingency Management in Substance Abuse Treatment","author":"Higgins S. 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