{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:27:25Z","timestamp":1790692045673,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01 DA042490\u201001A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 DA042490\u201001A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To summarize and evaluate our knowledge of the relationship between heavy cannabis use, cannabis use disorder (CUD) and the brain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Narrative review of relevant literature identified through existing systematic reviews, meta\u2010analyses and a PubMed search. Epidemiology, clinical representations, potential causal mechanisms, assessments, treatment and prognosis are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although causality is unclear, heavy and dependent cannabis use is consistently associated with a high prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders and learning and memory impairments that seem to recover after a period of abstinence. Evidence regarding other cognitive domains and neurological consequences, including cerebrovascular events, is limited and inconsistent. Abstinence after treatment is only achieved in a minority of cases; treatment targeted at reduction in use appears have some success. Potential moderators of the impact of CUD on the brain include age of onset, heaviness of use, CUD severity, the ratio of \u22069\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol to cannabidiol and severity of comorbid disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence of long\u2010term effects of daily cannabis use and cannabis use disorder on brain\u2010related outcomes is suggestive rather than conclusive, but use is associated with psychiatric morbidity and with cognitive impairments that recover after a period of abstinence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T10:58:56Z","timestamp":1565693936000},"page":"559-572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Heavy cannabis use, dependence and the brain: a clinical perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Emese","family":"Kroon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience of Addiction Lab, Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC) University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Kuhns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience of Addiction Lab, Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC) University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Hoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cannabinoid Research and Treatment Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilan University  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Treatment, Department of Psychology Ludwig Maximilian University Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janna","family":"Cousijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience of Addiction Lab, Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC) University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-00983-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does Cannabidiol protect against adverse psychological effects of THC?","volume":"4","author":"Niesink R. 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