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In December 2016, Australia announced that low\u2010strength codeine (\u2264\u00a015\u00a0mg) would be re\u2010scheduled and no longer available for purchase over\u2010the\u2010counter; this was implemented in February 2018. We aimed to evaluate the effect of this scheduling change on codeine misuse and use and misuse of other opioids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interrupted time\u2013series analysis of monthly opioid exposure calls to New South Wales Poisons Information Centre (NSWPIC, captures 50% of Australia's poisoning calls), January 2015\u2013 January 2019 and monthly national codeine sales, March 2015\u2013March 2019. We incorporated a washout period (January 2017 \u2013 January 2018) between the announcement and implementation, when prescriber\/consumer behaviour may have been influenced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intentional opioid overdoses resulting in a call to NSWPIC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used linear segmented regression to identify abrupt changes in level and slope of fitted lines. Codeine poisonings and sales were stratified into high strength (&gt;\u00a015\u00a0mg per dose unit) and low strength (\u2264\u00a015\u00a0mg). Only low\u2010strength formulations were re\u2010scheduled.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed an abrupt \u221250.8 percentage [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a0\u221279.0 to \u221222.6%] level change in monthly codeine\u2010related poisonings and no change in slope in the 12\u00a0months after February 2018. There was no increase in calls to the NSWPIC for high\u2010strength products, level change: \u201337.2% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u221282.3 to 8%) or non\u2010codeine opioids, level change: \u20134.4% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u221233.3 to 24.4%). Overall, the re\u2010scheduling resulted in a level change in opioid calls of \u221235.8% calls\/month (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u221251.2 to \u221220.4%). Low\u2010strength codeine sales decreased by 87.3% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u221288.5 to \u221285.9%), with no increase in high\u2010strength codeine sales in the 14\u00a0months following re\u2010scheduling, \u22124.0% (95% CI =\u00a0\u221219.6 to 14.6%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Codeine re\u2010scheduling in Australia appears to have reduced codeine misuse and sales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T14:01:09Z","timestamp":1570024869000},"page":"451-459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Codeine use and harms in Australia: evaluating the effects of re\u2010scheduling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8946-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose","family":"Cairns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"NSW Poisons Information Centre The Children's Hospital at Westmead  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3701-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Schaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Big Data Research in Health University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6855-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Poisons Information Centre The Children's Hospital at Westmead  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Big Data Research in Health University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7137-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sallie\u2010Anne","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Big Data Research in Health University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6326-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Poisons Information Centre The Children's Hospital at Westmead  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2015: Statistics for 2013","author":"International Narcotics Control Board","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03911.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1368-5031.2004.00304.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Nurofen plus toxicity\u2014what should nephrologists be alert to? 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