{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T08:46:13Z","timestamp":1770453973512,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the prevalence of gamma\u2010hydroxybutyrate (GHB) use is relatively low globally, harms related to the drug appear to be increasing. Few existing studies present reliable, representative, population\u2010level data on GHB\u2010related harms. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in acute GHB\u2010related harms within an ambulance database in Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, setting and participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional, retrospective analysis of data on all GHB\u2010related ambulance attendances in the state of Victoria, Australia during a 7\u2010year period (January 2012\u2013December 2018)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Presentations were characterized based on patient demographics, transport to hospital, co\u2010occurring substance use (i.e. GHB only, alcohol, methamphetamine, heroin, benzodiazepine and cannabis) and clinical presentation (e.g. symptoms of anxiety, psychosis, depression).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 5866 GHB\u2010related ambulance attendances between 2012 and 2018, with the prevalence rate increasing from 8.8 per 100\u2009000 population in 2012 to a maximum of 21.7 per 100\u2009000 population in 2017. Methamphetamine [odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a06.23, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001] and benzodiazepine\u2010related (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.43, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) co\u2010occurrences; ages between 18\u201329 (OR\u00a0=\u00a06.58, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and 30\u201339\u00a0years (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.02, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001); and male gender (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.23, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) were significant predictors of GHB\u2010related attendances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There has been a 147% increase in the prevalence of GHB\u2010related ambulance attendances in Victoria, Australia between 2012 and 2019, largely attributable to a growth in the proportions of people using gamma\u2010hydroxybutyrate alone or concurrently with methamphetamine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T23:05:10Z","timestamp":1571267110000},"page":"473-479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Trends in gamma\u2010hydroxybutyrate\u2010related harms based on ambulance attendances from 2012 to 2018 in Victoria, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalini","family":"Arunogiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre and Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Box Hill VIC Australia"},{"name":"Turning Point, Eastern Health  Richmond VIC 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Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulance Victoria  Doncaster VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice Monash University  Frankston VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Richmond VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4530-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debbie","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre and Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Box Hill VIC Australia"},{"name":"Turning Point, Eastern Health  Richmond VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan 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