{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:17:10Z","timestamp":1778105830461,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]],"date-time":"2019-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine how the risks of incident opioid use disorder (OUD), non\u2010fatal and fatal overdose have changed over time among opioid\u2010naive individuals receiving an initial opioid prescription.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective, longitudinal study using the Massachusetts Chapter 55 data set, which linked multiple administrative data sets to study the opioid epidemic. We identified the cumulative incidence of OUD, non\u2010fatal and fatal overdose among the opioid\u2010naive initiating opioid treatment in Massachusetts from 2011 to 2014 and estimated rates of these outcomes at 6\u00a0months and at 1, 2, 3 and 4\u00a0years to 2015. We used Cox regression to examine the association between characteristics of the initial prescription and risk of these outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Massachusetts, USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Massachusetts residents aged \u2265\u00a011\u00a0years in 2011\u201315 who were opioid\u2010naive (no opioid prescriptions or evidence of OUD in the 6\u00a0months prior to the index prescription) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02\u2009154\u2009426). The mean age was 49.1\u00a0years, 55.3% were female and 47.3% had commercial insurance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opioid prescriptions were identified in the Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP) database, as were the characteristics of the initial prescription database. The outcomes of OUD and non\u2010fatal overdose were identified from claims in the All Payer Claims Database (APCD) and hospital encounters in the acute hospital case mix files. Fatal overdoses were identified using Registry of Vital Records and Statistics (RVRS) death certificates and the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) circumstances of death and toxicology reports.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among opioid\u2010naive individuals receiving an initial opioid prescription, the risk of incident OUD appears to have declined between 2011 and 2014, while rates of overdose were largely unchanged. For example, the 1\u2010year OUD rate was 1.18% in 2011, 1.11% in 2012, 1.26% in 2013 and 0.94% in 2014. Longer therapy duration was associated with higher risk of OUD [hazard ratio (HR)\u00a0=\u00a02.24, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a02.19\u20132.29 for duration of 3 or more months], non\u2010fatal (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.67, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.53\u20131.82) and fatal opioid overdose (HR\u00a0=\u00a02.24, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.91\u20132.61). Concurrent benzodiazepine treatment was also associated with higher risk of OUD (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.14, 95% CI =\u00a01.12\u20131.17), non\u2010fatal (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.20, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.10\u20131.30) and fatal overdose (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.86, 95% CI =\u00a01.61\u20132.16).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among opioid\u2010naive individuals in Massachusetts receiving an initial opioid prescription, the risk of incident opioid use disorder appears to have declined between 2011 and 2014, while rates of overdose were largely unchanged. Longer therapy duration and concurrent benzodiazepines were associated with higher rates of opioid use disorder and opioid overdose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T08:19:53Z","timestamp":1573028393000},"page":"493-504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Trends in opioid use disorder and overdose among opioid\u2010naive individuals receiving an opioid prescription in Massachusetts from 2011 to 2014"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6365-0869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura G.","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiner","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of California  Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. John","family":"Orav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston  MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Bernson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Massachusetts Department of Public Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria\u2010Elena","family":"Hood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Massachusetts Department of Public Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School  Worcester MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Bharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Massachusetts Department of Public Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Austin B.","family":"Frakt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Partnered Evidence\u2010based Policy Resource Center VA Boston System  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Law, Policy and Management Boston University School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.6007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"569","article-title":"Decline in drug overdose deaths after state policy changes\u2014Florida, 2010\u20132012","volume":"63","author":"Johnson H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0448"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.03.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S129553"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.1321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.8913"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4286-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.802"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.11859"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0831"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.7280"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.6989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1710014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2270"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2480"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802741"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6634a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.15971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.5419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1610524"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-3107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4532-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0865"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03052.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2016.1261070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"FreyerFJ.Opioid overdose deaths in Mass. fell again in 2018. 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