{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T03:52:56Z","timestamp":1785297176191,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009347","name":"Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results from a recent study among 750 heroin users in three Mexico's northern border cities revealed an increase in white powder availability (also known as China white) and preference for this product among heroin users, as well as a general perception of increased overdose cases among this population. Here, we questioned whether those findings reflect an increased presence of heroin laced with fentanyl, which is associated with greater risks of overdose but that, until now, has not been described in Mexico.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>We tested fentanyl using highly sensitive test strips in syringe plungers, metal cookers and drug wrappings associated with heroin use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three injection sites in Tijuana, Baja California, M\u00e9xico.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010nine heroin users who interchanged paraphernalia for new syringes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>We tested 59 residues of \u2018pure\u2019 white powder. The rest were white powder with black tar (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05) or white powder with crystal meth (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09), black tar with crystal meth (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01), black tar only (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a013) and crystal meth only (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Users believed that they consumed either white powder heroin, white powder heroin with crystal meth, white powder with black tar heroin or black tar heroin only. Analyses revealed that 93% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a055) of the \u2018pure\u2019 white powder samples had fentanyl. All (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09) the white powder samples mixed with crystal meth and 40% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02) of the white powder with black tar were also laced with fentanyl.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a sample of 89 heroin users in Mexico, most white powder heroin users were unknowingly exposed to fentanyl, with fentanyl detected in 93% of white powder samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]],"date-time":"2019-12-14T18:09:10Z","timestamp":1576346950000},"page":"778-781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Fentanyl is used in Mexico's northern border: current challenges for drug health policies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5297-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Fleiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz (INPRM)  Mexico City Mexico"},{"name":"Members of the Global Studies Seminar, Faculty of Medicine National Autonomous University of Mexico, (UNAM)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Arredondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevencasa A.C. Tijuana  Tijuana Mexico"},{"name":"Drug Policy Program (PPD) Center for Research and Economic Teaching (CIDE)  Aguascalientes Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevencasa A.C. Tijuana  Tijuana Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevencasa A.C. Tijuana  Tijuana Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Segovia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevencasa A.C. Tijuana  Tijuana Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Villatoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz (INPRM)  Mexico City Mexico"},{"name":"Members of the Global Studies Seminar, Faculty of Medicine National Autonomous University of Mexico, (UNAM)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia L.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacobiology Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (Cinvestav)  Sede Sur Ciudad de Mexico Mexico"},{"name":"Members of the Global Studies Seminar, Faculty of Medicine National Autonomous University of Mexico, (UNAM)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Medina\u2010Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz (INPRM)  Mexico City Mexico"},{"name":"Members of the Global Studies Seminar, Faculty of Medicine National Autonomous University of Mexico, (UNAM)  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan R.","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Members of the Global Studies Seminar, Faculty of Medicine National Autonomous University of Mexico, (UNAM)  Mexico City Mexico"},{"name":"Ambassador of Mexico United Nations Organization  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Understanding the Epidemic [internet]. USA:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention;2018Available at:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/epidemic\/index.html(accessed 27 August 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"VillatoroJ. A. ResendizE. MujicaR. Bret\u00f3nM. Ca\u00f1asV. SotoI. S.et al.Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas Alcohol y Tabaco (ENCODAT) 2016\u20132017: Reporte de Drogas (National Survey on Drug Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption (ENCODAT) 2016\u20102017:Drug Report). [internet] version 1.0.Mexico City:INPRFM y la Secretar\u00eda de Salud (National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la FuenteMu\u00f1iz)2017. Available at:https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1zIPBiYB3625GBGIW5BX0TT_YQN73eWhR\/view(accessed 20 August 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Health Secretary National Addictions Council.Observatorio Mexicano de Drogas (Mexican Drug Observatory). Informe sobre el consumo de drogas inyectables (Report on injecting drug use 2017)2017[internet]. Mexico: National Addictions Council. Available at:https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/salud\/conadic\/acciones\u2010y\u2010programas\/observatorio\u2010mexicano\u2010de\u2010drogas\u2010omd(accessed 27 August 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Cuqueando la chiva: Contextos del consumo de hero\u00edna en la frontera norte de M\u00e9xico (Cuqueando la chiva: Contextsof heroinuse on the northern border of Mexico)","author":"Fleiz C.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"BTNX Inc.Rapid response Fentanyl(FYL)test strip[internet]. Canada:2018. Available at:http:\/\/www.btnx.com\/Product?id=2002(accessed 25 August 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"Certum Diagnostics.Prueba para FYL en tira (orina) [FYL test on strip (urine)]. CERTUM Diagnostics: Nuevo Le\u00f3n; 2018. Available at:https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/18Vl1svSpJ5ZvqtrZSEhQW_rP\u20105zIfoQ5\/view(accessed 29 August 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.Fentanyl overdose reduction checking analysis study [internet]. United States;2018. Available at:https:\/\/americanhealth.jhu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/inline\u2010files\/Fentanyl_Executive_Summary_032018.pdf(accessed 3 August 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Why the FUSS (fentanyl urine screen study)? A cross\u2010sectional survey to characterize an emerging threat to people who use drugs in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"14","author":"Amlani A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"EspinoM.Detectan 13 rutas de tr\u00e1fico de fentanilo droga m\u00e1s potente que la hero\u00edna [Mexican authorities detect 13 fentanyl trafficking routes][internet]. M\u00e9xico: El Universal (The Universal);2019. Available at:https:\/\/www.eluniversal.com.mx\/nacion\/detectan\u201013\u2010rutas\u2010de\u2010trafico\u2010de\u2010fentanilo(accessed 28 August 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"GandariaM.Fentanilo la nueva epidemia que infectar\u00e1 a M\u00e9xico [Fentanyl the new epidemic that will infect Mexico][internet]. Mexico: El Sol de M\u00e9xico (The Sun of Mexico);2019. Available at:https:\/\/www.elsoldemexico.com.mx\/mexico\/sociedad\/fentanilo\u2010epidemia\u2010frontera\u2010estados\u2010unidos\u20103102057.html(accessed 28 August 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"AFP.Autoridades de EU incautan 115 kilos de fentanilo en frontera con M\u00e9xico [US authorities seize 115 kilos of fentanylborder with Mexico][internet]. Mexico: El Universal (The Universal);2019. Available at:https:\/\/www.eluniversal.com.mx\/mundo\/autoridades\u2010de\u2010eu\u2010incautan\u2010115\u2010kilos\u2010de\u2010fentanilo\u2010en\u2010frontera\u2010con\u2010mexico(accessed 28 August 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0098858818789417"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2608"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.09.010"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.14934","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.14934","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.14934","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T03:47:05Z","timestamp":1692848825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.14934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.14934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14934","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-11-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}