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Understanding who responds to specific policies can inform approaches for reducing disparities. We examined how state\u2010level beverage\u2010specific taxes and availability restrictions in the United States are associated with consumption and alcohol\u2010related problems across subgroups defined by gender and race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data came from the 2000\u201315 National Alcohol Surveys (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a028\u2009251), computer\u2010assisted telephone cross\u2010sectional surveys of United States residents aged 18+. African Americans and Hispanics were oversampled.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes were beverage\u2010specific (beer, wine, spirits and total) volume, DSM\u2010IV alcohol dependence and alcohol\u2010related consequences. Analyses entailed survey\u2010weighted log\u2013log and logistic regressions adjusting for state\u2010level beer tax, spirits tax, government\u2010controlled spirits sales and sales tax; respondent ZIP\u2010code\u2010level density of off\u2010premise beer outlets, off\u2010premise spirits outlets and on\u2010premise bars; respondent individual\u2010level age, marital status, education, employment and income; and fixed effects for wet\/moderate\/dry US region and year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher beer tax was significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) associated with lower odds of any drinking among white women [odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a00.98] and lower beer volume (price\u2010elasticity\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.40), total volume (price\u2010elasticity\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.50) and odds of alcohol\u2010related consequences (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.84) among African American women. Higher spirits tax was significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) associated with both lower beer and total volume among Hispanic women (price\u2010elasticities\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.73 and\u00a0\u2212\u00a01.04, respectively) and men (price\u2010elasticities\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.19 and\u00a0\u2212\u00a00.92, respectively) and decreased wine volume among Hispanic women (price\u2010elasticity\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.62). Apparent protective effects of living in a state with government\u2010controlled spirits sales or a neighborhood with lower bar density was greater among white men than other groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects of beverage\u2010specific taxes and alcohol availability policies may vary across subgroups, highlighting the importance of considering differential policy impacts in future research and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:52Z","timestamp":1580947252000},"page":"1285-1294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Relationships between US state alcohol policies and alcohol outcomes: differences by gender and race\/ethnicity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1336-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meenakshi S.","family":"Subbaraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group Public Health Institute  Emeryville CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Mulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group Public Health Institute  Emeryville CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6612-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William C.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group Public Health Institute  Emeryville CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deidre","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group Public Health Institute  Emeryville CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2019-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Karriker\u2010Jaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group Public Health Institute  Emeryville CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-4812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas K.","family":"Greenfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol Research Group Public Health Institute  Emeryville CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192632616.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025027701426"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.131326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02438.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Preventing Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Increasing Alcohol Taxes","author":"Guide to Community Preventive Services","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.186007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/9780875532929ch28"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2109902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.150450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Does the response to alcohol taxes differ across racial\/ethnic groups? 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