{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:12:55Z","timestamp":1789499575374,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The same information may be perceived differently, depending on how it is described. The risk information given on many gambling warning labels tends to accentuate what a gambler might expect to win, e.g. \u2018This game has an average percentage payout of 90%\u2019 (return\u2010to\u2010player), rather than what a gambler might expect to lose, e.g. \u2018This game keeps 10% of all money bet on average\u2019 (house\u2010edge). We compared gamblers\u2019 perceived chances of winning and levels of warning label understanding under factually equivalent return\u2010to\u2010player and house\u2010edge formats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Online surveys: experiment 1 was designed to test how gamblers\u2019 perceived chances of winning would vary under equivalent warning labels, and experiment 2 explored how often equivalent warning labels were correctly understood by gamblers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>United Kingdom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>UK nationals, aged 18\u00a0years and over and with experience of virtual on\u2010line gambling games, such as on\u2010line roulette, were recruited from an on\u2010line crowd\u2010sourcing panel (experiment 1,\u00a0<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0399; experiment 2,\u00a0<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0407).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main dependent variables were a gambler's perceived chances of winning on a seven\u2010point Likert scale (experiment 1) and a multiple\u2010choice measure of warning label understanding (experiment 2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The house\u2010edge label led to lower perceived chances of winning in experiment 1, <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(1, 388)<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a019.03, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001. In experiment 2, the house\u2010edge warning label was understood by more gamblers [66.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a060.0%, 73.0%] than the return\u2010to\u2010player warning label (45.6%, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a038.8%, 52.4%, <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04.22, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>House\u2010edge warning labels on electronic gambling machines and on\u2010line casino games, which explain what a gambler might expect to lose, could help gamblers to pay greater attention to product risk and would be better understood by gamblers than equivalent return\u2010to\u2010player labels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T13:31:37Z","timestamp":1578058297000},"page":"1762-1767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Equivalent gambling warning labels are perceived differently"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip W. S.","family":"Newall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Applied Psychology, Warwick Manufacturing Group University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Walasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0031-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliot A.","family":"Ludvig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(85)90005-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/209174"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7455683"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"Gambling Commission.Remote gambling and software technical standards 2017. 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