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Four electronic databases were searched: PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CENTRAL. The primary outcome was BZRA use, classified as discontinuation or reduction by \u2265\u00a025%. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) was used to retrospectively code behavioural determinants targeted by the interventions. The Behaviour Change Technique (BCT) Taxonomy was used to identify the interventions\u2019 active components. Study\u2010specific estimates were pooled, where appropriate, to yield summary risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Pearson's correlations were used to determine the relationship between intervention effect size and the results of both the TDF and BCT coding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight studies were included (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02071 patients). Compared with usual care, intervention patients were more likely to have discontinued BZRA use at 6\u00a0months (eight studies, RR\u00a0=\u00a02.73, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.84\u20134.06) and 12\u00a0months post\u2010intervention (two studies, RR\u00a0=\u00a03.41, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.22\u20135.25). TDF domains \u2018knowledge\u2019, \u2018memory, attention and decision processes\u2019, \u2018environmental context and resources\u2019 and \u2018social influences\u2019 were identified as having been included in every intervention. Commonly identified BCTs included \u2018information about health consequences\u2019, \u2018credible source\u2019 and \u2018adding objects to the environment\u2019. There was no detectable relationship between effect size and the results of either the TDF or BCT coding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brief interventions delivered in primary care are more effective than usual care in reducing and discontinuing long\u2010term benzodiazepine\/Z\u2010drug use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T10:09:41Z","timestamp":1580119781000},"page":"1618-1639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Brief interventions targeting long\u2010term benzodiazepine and Z\u2010drug use in primary care: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Lynch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland  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