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Social behavior network therapy or motivational enhancement therapy in UKATT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>WHO risk\u2010level reductions were assessed via the calendar method. Alcohol dependence was measured by the Alcohol Dependence Scale, the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Measures of functioning included alcohol\u2010related consequences (Drinker Inventory of Consequences and Alcohol Problems Questionnaire), mental health (Short Form Health Survey) and liver enzyme tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>One\u2010 and two\u2010level reductions in WHO risk levels in the last month of treatment were maintained at the 1\u2010year follow\u2010up [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0= one\u2010level reduction in COMBINE: 3.51 (2.73, 4.29) and UKATT: 2.65 (2.32, 2.98)] and associated with fewer alcohol\u2010related consequences [e.g. B, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0one\u2010level reduction COMBINE: \u201326.22 (\u201330.62, \u201321.82)], better mental health [e.g. B, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0one\u2010level reduction UKATT: 9.53 (7.36, 11.73)] and improvements in \u03b3\u2010glutamyltransferase [e.g. B, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0one\u2010level reduction UKATT: \u201389.77 (\u2013122.50, \u201357.04)] at the end of treatment, even among patients with severe alcohol dependence. Results were similar when abstainers were excluded.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Reductions in World Health Organization risk levels for alcohol consumption appear to be achievable, associated with better functioning and maintained over time in both the United States and the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T06:51:15Z","timestamp":1581663075000},"page":"1668-1680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["World Health Organization risk drinking level reductions are associated with improved functioning and are sustained among patients with mild, moderate and severe alcohol dependence in clinical trials in the United States and United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Witkiewitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7382-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Heather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northumbria University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism  Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raye Z.","family":"Litten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism  Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6533-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah S.","family":"Hasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry R.","family":"Kranzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl F.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"O'Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond F.","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09652149541392"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"International Guide for Monitoring Alcohol Consumption and Related Harm","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Guideline on the development of medicinal products for the treatment of alcohol dependence","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(197110)27:4<455::AID-JCLP2270270412>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2008.69.594"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2014.75.438"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1461222"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agp096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(96)00013-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agz042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"GitlowS.Guest Editorial Comment: End\u2010point in AUD Treatment. 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