{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:11:44Z","timestamp":1773839504544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In February 2014, pubs and bars in Kings Cross (KX) and the central business district (CBD) of Sydney, Australia were required to stop serving alcohol by 3\u00a0a.m. and operate a \u2018lockout\u2019 from 1.30\u00a0a.m. We studied changes in the incidence of assault during the following 5\u00a0years, including possible displacement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlled before\u2010and\u2010after ecological study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sydney, Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants\/Cases<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assaults in specified areas in which police apprehended at least one person.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared change in non\u2010domestic assault in KX and the CBD with adjacent areas, other city areas, and outer suburbs, adjusting for the trend in the rest of the state during three periods: 6 p.m.\u20131.29 a.m. (\u2018pre\u2010lockout\u2019), 1.30 a.m.\u20132.59 a.m. (\u2018lockout\u2019) and 3 a.m.\u20136 a.m. (\u2018after last\u2010drinks\u2019). We constructed interrupted time\u2010series models with terms for secular trend and season, producing incidence rate ratios (IRR) for step and slope parameters. We performed sensitivity analyses on impacts of missing location data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>After the intervention, assaults fell 38% in KX (IRR for step change\u00a0=\u00a00.62, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.49, 0.79) and 10% in the CBD (IRR\u00a0=\u00a00.90, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.80, 0.99). Assaults continued declining in KX (IRR for slope\u00a0=\u00a00.990, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.982, 0.998) and later increased in adjacent areas (IRR for slope\u00a0=\u00a01.006, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.001, 1.011) and earlier in the evenings in both KX and the adjacent areas. The net reduction was 627 assaults over 60\u00a0months post\u2010intervention, i.e. 10 fewer per month. Estimates were robust to extreme assumptions about missing data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 2014 alcohol supply restrictions for pubs and bars in Kings Cross (KX) and the central business district (CBD) of Sydney, Australia were followed by a substantial reduction in the incidence of assault in KX and to a lesser extent in the CBD, possibly displacing some cases to adjacent areas and earlier in the evening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T03:15:16Z","timestamp":1582859716000},"page":"2045-2054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Incidence of assault in Sydney, Australia, throughout 5 years of alcohol trading hour restrictions: controlled before\u2010and\u2010after study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9657-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kypros","family":"Kypri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health University of Newcastle  Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8995-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol Policy Research LaTrobe University  Australia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3232-0","volume-title":"Drug and Alcohol Abuse: a Clinical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Schuckit M. 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