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Survey data were collected eight times and analyzed as four cohorts (1988\u201391, 1995\u201398, 2002\u201305 and 2008\u201311).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The sample included all 15\u201316\u2010year\u2010olds in V\u00e4rmland County, Sweden (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a020\u2009057).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Binary\u2010coded substance use measures included life\u2010time use of alcohol and tobacco, getting drunk and past school year use of inhalants. An eight\u2010item scale was used to assess psychosomatic problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A three\u2010class model fitted the data best (i.e. non\/low use, mainly alcohol use and polysubstance use). The patterns of substance use were different among cohorts; most notably, adolescents in the last cohort had lower odds of being included in the alcohol and polysubstance use classes rather than the non\/low use class than in the earlier cohorts (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Males had higher odds than females of being in the polysubstance use class rather than the non\/low use class among the first three cohorts (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) but not the last. Sex was not associated with inclusion in the alcohol use class rather than the non\/low use class. Adolescents who reported more psychosomatic problems had higher odds of being included in the alcohol and polysubstance use classes rather than the non\/low use class (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The associations of sex and psychosomatic problems with class inclusion did not change during the study period.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 1988 and 2011, patterns of substance use among adolescents in Sweden shifted away from polysubstance use and alcohol use to non\u2010use or low use. Associations between patterns of substance use and sex and psychosomatic problems remained largely consistent across the study period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T06:49:40Z","timestamp":1583736580000},"page":"1932-1941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A latent class analysis of changes in adolescent substance use between 1988 and 2011 in Sweden: associations with sex and psychosomatic problems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany E.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health Karlstad University  Karlstad Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-4616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health Karlstad University  Karlstad Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curt","family":"Hagquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health Karlstad University  Karlstad Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1308.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31819ca788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"HibellB. 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