{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:17:55Z","timestamp":1790162275285,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]],"date-time":"2020-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]],"date-time":"2020-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iranian National Institute for Medical Research Development","award":["940043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["940043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Misuse of tramadol, an opioid prescription analgesic, is known as a public health challenge globally. We aimed to systematically review studies on the prevalence of non\u2010prescribed use, regular tramadol use and dependence, tramadol\u2010induced poisoning and mortality in Iran.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, international (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science) and Persian (SID) databases were systematically searched up to June 2019. Other relevant data were collected through personal contacts and review of reference lists. Pooled estimates of prevalence of tramadol use in subgroups of males and females, percentage of tramadol poisoning among admitted poisoning cases, tramadol\u2010associated seizures and mortality among tramadol poisonings and percentage of tramadol as a cause of death among fatal drug\u2010poisoning records were estimated through a random\u2010effects model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 84 records were included. Pooled estimates of last 12\u2010month use of tramadol in the Iranian general population were 4.9% [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a04.1\u20135.9] and 0.8% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.2\u20131.8) among males and females, respectively. The estimates for last 12\u2010month use among Iranian male and female university students were 4.8% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.9\u20138.9) and 0.7% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.3\u20131.1), respectively. Six heterogeneous reports indicated the existence of regular use of tramadol and dependence in Iran. Sixty\u2010two studies provided data on tramadol\u2010induced poisoning, seizures and mortality. The pooled estimate of the percentage of tramadol poisoning among all drug\u2010poisoning patients was 13.1% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a05.7\u201322.9). The overall estimates of seizures and mortality among tramadol\u2010poisoning patients were 34.6% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a029.6\u201339.8) and 0.7% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.0\u20131.9), respectively. The pooled percentage of tramadol\u2010related fatalities among drug\u2010poisoned cases was 5.7% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.5\u201315.4).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite control policies, tramadol use is as prevalent as the use of illicit opioids in Iran. Numerous cases of tramadol abuse, dependence, poisonings, seizures and hundreds of tramadol\u2010related deaths have been reported in recent years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T14:49:00Z","timestamp":1584715740000},"page":"2213-2242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Tramadol use and public health consequences in Iran: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Yasna","family":"Rostam\u2010Abadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaleh","family":"Gholami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Amin\u2010Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anousheh","family":"Safarcherati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Mojtabai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Ghadirzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosein","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceuticals and Narcotics Affairs Ministry of Health  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5761-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afarin","family":"Rahimi\u2010Movaghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/d29e3f27-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drug poisoning deaths in the United States, 1980\u20132008","volume":"81","author":"Warner M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1011512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090784"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.19.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2010.503730"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-018-0402-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Detection of the new analgetic tramadol (Tramal) [author's translation; in German]","volume":"17","author":"Schutz H.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11227-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"2241","article-title":"Duality of the analgesic effect of tramadol in humans [author's translation; in French]","volume":"123","author":"Collart L.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"United Nations.World Drug Report 2019. Sales no. E.19.XI.9. New York NY:2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1331"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"National list of drugs under control [In Persian]; National Ministry of Health; I. R. Iran."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Rahimi\u2010MovagharA. Amin\u2010EsmaeiliM. SharifiV. HajebiA. MotevalianS.Data from Persian Youth Cohort(unpublished)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15412\/J.JPCP.06040205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Iranian National Mental Health Survey: prevalence, severity and costs of mental disorders and service utilization (IranMHS) [in Persian]","author":"Rahimi\u2010Movaghar A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"415","article-title":"Tramadol abuse and its related factors among higher education students in the city of Damghan, Semnan Province, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Pourmohammadi B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran Chem Comm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","article-title":"Prevalence and reasons for psychoactive drugs use among university students of medical sciences in Yazd, Iran","volume":"12","author":"Pordanjani S. R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of high\u2010risk behaviors using network scale\u2010up method in university students of Larestan in 2014","volume":"22","author":"Maghsoudi A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhrba.25130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with tramadol abuse among college students in west of Iran: an application of the theory of planned behavior","volume":"1","author":"Bashirian S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avicenna J Neuropsychophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"HakimaF. MosaviA.Consider prevalence substance abuse and dependence and its related demographic factors among students of Qazvin Imam Khomeini International University. Qazvin Iran: Qazvin Disciplinary Knowledge Quarterly;2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","volume-title":"National study on substance use in students of medical sciences, a summary report [in Persian]","author":"Yaghoubi H.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Drug use prevalence among college students of Ministry of Sceince, research and technology, Iran (2012)","volume":"8","author":"Yaghubi H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Res Addict"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Tramadol abuse status and related factors among three college students in Hamadan","volume":"19","author":"Fathi Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avicenna J Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Drug use prevalence among students of universities of medical sciences in Tehran","volume":"7","author":"Taremian F.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Addict"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"RafieiH. MadaniS. NarenjihaH. AlipourF.Final report of rapid situation assessment of drug abuse in Iran (year 2018)[in Persian].2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of drug abuse among prisoners in Kermanshah City","volume":"1","author":"Jalilian F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Health Educ Health Promotion"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","volume-title":"Rapid Situation Assessment of Drug Abuse in Iran (Year 2007)","author":"Narenjiha H.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"793","article-title":"Profile of people who inject drugs in Tehran","volume":"54","author":"Amin\u2010Esmaeili M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran Acta Medica Iranica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1528462"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Twelve\u2010month prevalence and correlates of psychiatric disorders in Iran: the Iranian mental health survey, 2011","volume":"18","author":"Sharifi V.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Potential for tramadol abuse by patients visiting pharmacies in northern Iran","volume":"5","author":"Zabihi E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Res Treat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"Rahimi\u2010MovagharA. GholamiJ.Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) from drug treatment center of Iranian National Center forAddiction Studies (INCAS) (unpublished)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Psychosis following tramadol withdrawal","volume":"1","author":"Rajabizadeh G.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Tramadole withdrawal in a neonate: a case report","volume":"70","author":"Borna H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tehran Univ Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Patterns of drunk and drugged driving in fatally injured drivers in Tehran, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Ghadirzadeh M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Toxicol Forens Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"GhadirzadehM.Unpublished report on national statistics on tramadol mortality\u2014Legal Medicine Research Center Legal Medicine Organization.2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"140","article-title":"Epidemiology of drug\u2010poisoning death in central cities of Mazandaran, Iran 2011\u20132016","volume":"27","author":"Shokrzadeh M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12930"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2019.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826081003692098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Occurrence and recurrence of seizures and related factors in patients with tramadol ingestion","volume":"8","author":"Okazi A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Med Toxicol Forens Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Demographic characteristics and functional performance of the kidneys and hearts of patients with acute tramadol toxicity","volume":"69","author":"Mohammadpour A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-018-0181-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Characteristics of patients hospitalized with tramadol intoxication in Gorgan, Iran, 2008\u20132015","volume":"26","author":"Shokrzadeh M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","first-page":"957","article-title":"Prevalence of different types of seizures in a poisoning referral center","volume":"34","author":"Eizadi\u2010Mood N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Isfahan Med Sch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.35483"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29252\/arakmu.12.2.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","unstructured":"Moghadam\u2010AhamdiA.Comparison of frequency of tramadol abuse in seizure and non\u2010seizure patients referred to emergency department of Ali ibn Abitaleb Hospital in Rafsanjan from January to December 2014 [in Persian]. 12th International Congress of Epilepsy; Iran2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"1184","article-title":"The definition of recurrent shoulder dislocation in tramadol induced seizure patients","volume":"29","author":"Nakhaei Amroodi M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","first-page":"1959","article-title":"Hypo and hyperglycemia among tramadol overdose patients in Loghman Hakim Hospital, Tehran, Iran","volume":"28","author":"Nasouhi S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","first-page":"592","article-title":"Assessment of time interval between tramadol intake and seizure and second drug\u2010induced attack","volume":"73","author":"Abbasi B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tehran Univ Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Frequency of electrocardiographic abnormalities in tramadol poisoned patients; a brief report","volume":"4","author":"Alizadeh Ghamsari A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emergency (Tehran, Iran)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"Prevalence of tramadol consumption in first seizure patients; a one\u2010year cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Asadi P.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emergency"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"1060","article-title":"Evaluation of demographic characteristics and renal function indices in acute tramadol intoxicated patients in Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Urmia, Iran","volume":"25","author":"Delirrad M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urmia Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Drug\u2010induced apnea in children admitted to Loghman Hakim Hospital, Tehran, Iran","volume":"11","author":"Gholami N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","first-page":"761","article-title":"Demographic findings of tramadol poisoned women admitted to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Urmia, Iran","volume":"12","author":"Majidi M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nursing Midwifery Urmia Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40199-015-0104-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","first-page":"855","article-title":"Acute tramadol poisoning and its clinical and laboratory findings","volume":"19","author":"Rahimi H. R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Epidemiology of tramadol poisoning in Urmia","volume":"12","author":"Agakhani N.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nursing Midwifery Urmia Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Epidemiological study of poisoning in patients of Karaj Shariati Hospital in 2011 to 2012","volume":"4","author":"Hashemnejad M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Tramadol overdose induced transient paresthesia and decreased muscle strength: a case series Asia Pacific","volume":"3","author":"Ghasempouri K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","first-page":"544","article-title":"Tramadol overdose and apnea in hospitalized children, a review of 20 cases","volume":"10","author":"Hassanian\u2010Moghaddam H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Res Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","first-page":"530","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical symptoms and associated factors in the drug\u2010induced toxicity in patients referred to hospital","volume":"5","author":"Farzaneh E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","first-page":"588","article-title":"Prevalence and complications of drug\u2010induced seizures in Baharloo Hospital, Tehran, Iran","volume":"6","author":"Behnoush B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","first-page":"302","article-title":"Does naloxone prevent seizure in tramadol intoxicated patients?","volume":"5","author":"Eizadi\u2010Mood N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Comparing the frequency of seizure in patients intoxicated with tramadol treated with or without naloxone","volume":"30","author":"Farzaneh E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Isfahan Med Sch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Tramadol\u2010induced seizures and trauma","volume":"16","author":"Farajidana H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7145.1000151"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2011.757.760"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","article-title":"Epidemiology of tramadol overdose in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran (2008)","volume":"15","author":"Ahmadi H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Kerman Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"A study to evaluate factors associated with seizure in tramadol poisoning in Iran","volume":"5","author":"Goodarzi F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0168-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Abstracts of the10th consecutive annual meeting of the Iranian Psychiatric Association","volume":"16","author":"Tatari F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2012.00874.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327108090270"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","first-page":"990","article-title":"An epidemiologic and demographic survey of poisoning in southwest of Iran","volume":"12","author":"Kassiri H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Middle East J Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Tramadol induced seizure: report of 106 patients","volume":"12","author":"Petramfar P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Evaluation of epidemiologic of drug poisoning in the Ahvaz Razi Hospital in the years of 2004\u20132008. Iran","volume":"21","author":"Rahmani A. H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forens Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03161089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Common complications of tramadol intoxication [in Persian]","volume":"39","author":"Rashidi Bonab B.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sci Health Service"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563651003709427"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","first-page":"484","article-title":"Tramadol induced seizure: a 3\u2010year study","volume":"3","author":"Boostani R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","first-page":"605","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with tramadol intoxication referred to Razi Hospital during 2005\u201306","volume":"6","author":"Rahbar Taromsari M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2017-0040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Clinical signs, hospitalization duration and outcome of tramadol intoxication","volume":"28","author":"Eizadi N.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Isfahan Med Sch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.178957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"Tramadol overdose induced seizure, dramatic rise of CPK and acute renal failure","volume":"59","author":"Afshari R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Tramadol, seizure caused by an overdose and acute renal failure: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Ghazimirsaeid S. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Appl Sci J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"An unexpected sudden death by oral tramadol intoxication: a case not reported earlier","volume":"2","author":"Gheshlaghi F.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iran J Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Refractory seizures in tramadol poisoning: a case report","volume":"8","author":"Majidi M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"Intravenous tramadol\u2010induced seizure: two case reports","volume":"4","author":"Mehrpour M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iran J Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1663"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29252\/jnkums.7.4.939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Tramadol intoxication and shoulder pain","volume":"18","author":"Sanaei\u2010Zadeh H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550200037026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2016.1242099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Drug Dependence.Forty\u2010first report. (WHO Technical Report Series no. 1018). Licence: CC BY\u2010NC\u2010SA 3.0 IGO. Geneva: WHO;2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2015.1014959"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13800"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration.Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Tramadol Into Schedule IV. Federal Register Rules and Regulations. Contract no.: 2014\u201315548. Washington DC: Drug Enforcement Administration;2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/283425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-2098.163924"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-827177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.106038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200802100230"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1838"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-016-0062-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.15.1818-b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1556365050014418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.19.1423.34854"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659709043367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.7.629.35174"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2016.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200012000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00100-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.26873\/SVR-677-2018","article-title":"Retrospective review of tramadol abuse","volume":"55","author":"Ahmed A. I.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Slov Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199804000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199802000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10669-1","article-title":"Ultrarapid hydroxylation of debrisoquine in a Swedish population. Analysis of the molecular genetic basis","volume":"274","author":"Dahl M. L.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/cp.1999.v66.100072001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2013.783062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_139_1","first-page":"2627","article-title":"Prevalence of the CYP2D6*10 (C100T), *4 (G1846A), and *14 (G1758A) alleles among Iranians of different ethnicities","volume":"9","author":"Bagheri A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1919-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.181131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4955-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-013-0028-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2019.1585168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1354821"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S162296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_147_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Expert Committee on Drug Dependence thirty\u2010ninth report. WHO Technical Report Series no. 1009. Licence: CC BY\u2010NC\u2010SA 3.0 IGO. Geneva: WHO;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_148_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Tramadol; Update Review Report; Agenda item 6.1. Geneva: WHO;2014."}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadd.15059","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15059","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.15059","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:05:41Z","timestamp":1780985141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.15059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.15059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15059","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}