{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:50:40Z","timestamp":1792288240277,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Distinguished Investigator Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Distinguished Investigator Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR002530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR002530"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our ability to combat the opioid epidemic depends, in part, on dismantling the stigma that surrounds drug use. However, this epidemic has been unique and, to date, we have not understood the nature of public prejudices associated with it. Here, we examine the nature and magnitude of public stigma toward prescription opioid use disorder (OUD) using the only nationally representative data available on this topic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General Social Survey (GSS), a cross\u2010sectional, nationally representative survey of public attitudes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>United States, 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants\/Cases<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1169\u00a0US residents recruited using a probability sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respondents completed a vignette\u2010based survey experiment to assess public stigma toward people who develop OUD following prescription of opioid analgesics. This condition is compared with depression, schizophrenia, alcohol use disorder (AUD) and subclinical distress using multivariable logistic or linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adjusting for covariates (e.g. race, age, gender), US residents were significantly more likely to label symptoms of OUD a physical illness [73%, confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a066\u201380%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001] relative to all other conditions, and less likely to label OUD a mental illness (40%, CI\u00a0=\u00a032\u201348%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). OUD was significantly less likely to be attributed to bad character (37%, CI\u00a0=\u00a030\u201344%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) or poor upbringing (17%, CI\u00a0=\u00a012\u201323%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) compared with AUD. Nonetheless, perceptions of competence associated with OUD (e.g. ability to manage money; 41%, CI\u00a0=\u00a033\u201349%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) were lower than AUD, depression and subclinical distress. Moreover, willingness to socially exclude people with OUD was very high (e.g. 76% of respondents do not want to work with a person with OUD), paralleling findings on traditional targets of strong stigma (i.e. AUD and schizophrenia).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>US residents do not typically hold people with prescription opioid use disorder responsible for their addiction, but they express high levels of willingness to subject them to social exclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T21:04:01Z","timestamp":1585256641000},"page":"2317-2326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["The unique nature of public stigma toward non\u2010medical prescription opioid use and dependence: a national study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7869-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brea L.","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernice A.","family":"Pescosolido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne C.","family":"Krendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071312-145702"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agq089"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2012.743506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1468017308101818"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2007.26.2.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1328"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses: a follow\u2010up study within the changing minds campaign of the Royal College of psychiatrists","volume":"4","author":"Crisp A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Substance use more stigmatized than smoking and obesity","volume":"18","author":"Phillips L. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-019-00345-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-200056772"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S183256"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","volume-title":"Investing in America's Future: Strategic Plan, FY 2006\u20132011","author":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"SantosAG KolodnyA HoffmannD.Room for debate: Prosecuting doctors in prescription drug overdose deaths. New York Times 17\u00a0February2016. Available at:https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/roomfordebate\/2016\/02\/17\/prosecuting\u2010doctors\u2010in\u2010prescription\u2010drug\u2010overdose\u2010deaths(accessed 19\u00a0February 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed: A Judicial Indictment of War on Drugs","author":"Gray J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2008.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490591006924"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.09.002"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadd.15069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.15069","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/add.15069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:03:22Z","timestamp":1780985002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.15069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.15069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15069","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}