{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:58:06Z","timestamp":1780991886627,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cannabis is one of the world's most widely used recreational drugs and the second most commonly smoked substance. Research on cannabis and the lungs has been limited by its illegal status, the variability in strength and size of cannabis cigarettes (joints), and the fact that most cannabis users also smoke tobacco, making the effects difficult to separate. Despite these difficulties, the available evidence indicates that smoking cannabis causes bronchitis and is associated with changes in lung function. The pattern of effects is surprisingly different from that of tobacco. Whereas smoking cannabis appears to increase the risk of severe bronchitis at quite low exposure, there is no convincing evidence that this leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Instead, cannabis use is associated with increased central airway resistance, lung hyperinflation and higher vital capacity with little evidence of airflow obstruction or impairment of gas transfer. There are numerous reports of severe bullous lung disease and pneumothorax among heavy cannabis users, but convincing epidemiological data of an increased risk of emphysema or alveolar destruction are lacking. An association between cannabis and lung cancer remains unproven, with studies providing conflicting findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T05:52:16Z","timestamp":1586843536000},"page":"182-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Cannabis use disorder and the lungs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4802-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Gracie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Waikato Hospital  Hamilton New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3922-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Hancox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Waikato Hospital  Hamilton New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"World Drug Report2019:United Nations publication. 2020. Available at:https:\/\/wdr.unodc.org\/wdr2019\/en\/maps\u2010and\u2010tables.html(accessed 2 January 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132018: Volume II. College students and adults ages 19\u201360","author":"Schulenberg J. E.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1669626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6903e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-013-8374-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2012.671868"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of quitting cannabis on respiratory symptoms","author":"Hancox R. J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.2.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.3.9701026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1627366"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.Global strategy for the diagnosis management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(2019 Report). Fontana\u2010on\u2010Geneva Lake WI: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease;2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.077081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00169.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201407-333OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00065009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Marijuana use associations with pulmonary symptoms and function in tobacco smokers enrolled in the subpopulations and intermediate outcome measures in COPD study (SPIROMICS)","volume":"5","author":"Morris M. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00826\u20102019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02065-2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.78.5.699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms and lung function in habitual heavy smokers of marijuana alone, smokers of marijuana and tobacco, smokers of tobacco alone, and nonsmokers","volume":"135","author":"Tashkin D. P.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp15X683521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.16.1198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00065707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0259-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","article-title":"Cannabis smoking and lung cancer risk: pooled analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium","author":"Zhang L. R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.16318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107557"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.40081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01136\u20102019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npjpcrm.2016.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01186.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492313478954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1987.135.6.1271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)82720-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-0823-2_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.3.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35040576"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12597"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.31.6.720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197308162890702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198802113180603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)24436-6","article-title":"Marijuana smoking: effects of varying puff volume and breathhold duration","volume":"272","author":"Azorlosa J. L.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","article-title":"Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence","volume":"1","author":"Nielsen S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder","author":"Gates P. J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.11.008"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fadd.15075","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15075","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.15075","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15075","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:10:45Z","timestamp":1780989045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.15075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.15075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15075","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}