{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:02:43Z","timestamp":1784674963829,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD079467, R24 HD041028, R24HD073964, T32HD00733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD079467, R24 HD041028, R24HD073964, T32HD00733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA042059\u201004S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA042059\u201004S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SES1061018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SES1061018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the high prevalence of substance use among people in the US criminal justice system, little is known about the incidence of overdose mortality by use patterns, drug convictions and supervision setting. We examined the associations between these characteristics and overdose mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals sentenced to prison, jail, probation or jail plus probation for a felony conviction in Michigan, USA from 2003 to 2006.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the National Death Index, we assessed overdose mortality to December 2012. We calculated overdose mortality rates by pre\u2010sentence opioid use, drug convictions and supervision setting. Multivariable analyses were conducted using competing risks regression with time\u2010varying covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 140\u2009266 individuals followed over a mean of 7.84\u00a0years [standard deviation (SD)\u00a0=\u00a01.52], 14.9% of the 1131 deaths were due to overdose (102.8 per 100\u2009000 person\u2010years). Over the follow\u2010up, more than half of overdose deaths occurred in the community (57.7%), nearly a third (28.8%) on probation and 12.8% on parole. The adjusted risk of overdose death was lower on probation [hazard ratio (HR)\u00a0=\u00a00.71, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a00.60, 0.85] than in the community without probation or parole (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.00) but not significantly different on parole (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.13, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.87, 1.47). Pre\u2010sentence daily opioid use (HR\u00a0=\u00a03.54, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a03.24, 3.87) was associated with an increased risk. Drug possession (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.11, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.93, 1.31) and delivery convictions (HR\u00a0=\u00a00.92, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.77, 1.09) were not significantly associated with overdose mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the absolute or relative risk, parole, probation and community settings are appropriate settings for enhanced overdose prevention interventions. Ensuring that individuals with pre\u2010sentence opioid use have access to harm reduction and drug treatment services may help to prevent overdose among people involved with the criminal justice system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T09:52:53Z","timestamp":1586339573000},"page":"2329-2338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The association of criminal justice supervision setting with overdose mortality: a longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8862-8078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Binswanger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Kaiser Permanente Colorado  Aurora CO USA"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora CO USA"},{"name":"Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8211-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh P.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Kaiser Permanente Colorado  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Morenoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Institute for Social Research\u2010Populations Studies Center University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4750-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanley","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research Kaiser Permanente Colorado  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2121-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of California  Berkeley CA USA"},{"name":"Berkeley Population Center University of California  Berkeley CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"HedegaardH. Mini\u00f1oA. M. WarnerM.Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States 1999\u20132017. US Department of Health and Human Services NCS Data brief no. 329. Hyattsville MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"American Correctional Association American Society of Addiction Medicine.Joint Public Correctional Policy on the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders for Justice Involved Individuals. Alexandria VA: American Correctional Association;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"National Sheriffs Association and National Commission on Correctional Health Care.Jail\u2010based Medication Assisted Treatment: Promising Practices Guidelines and Resources for the Field. Alexandria VA: National Sheriffs Association;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"National Commission on Correctional Health Care.Standards for opioid treatment programs in correctional facilities. Chicago IL: National Commission on Correctional Health Care;2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-08-2016-0039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345819882771"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Probation and Parole in the United States, 2016","author":"Kaeble D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"BronsonJ. CarsonA.Prisoners in 2017. 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