{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:24:22Z","timestamp":1787775862463,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe an outbreak of lung injuries in 2019 among people who vaped in the United States (type of injuries, people afflicted, substances vaped and cause of the injuries) and to analyse critically the regulatory responses of public health authorities and the media reporting of the outbreak.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case studies of the reporting of the e\u2010cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak. We examined data on the number of cases of lung injury provided by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), public advice on the causes of the outbreak provided by the CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), major media reports of the outbreak and proposed regulatory responses by governments in the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CDC initially suggested that the cause of the outbreak was nicotine vaping because the outbreak followed a large increase in nicotine vaping among US adolescents. Case\u2013control studies revealed that the majority of cases had vaped illicit cannabis oils that were contaminated by vitamin E acetate. The CDC's public advice and the media were slow to report the evidence on the role of cannabis vaping. Popular government regulatory proposals\u2014bans on sales of nicotine flavours and vaporizers\u2014were based on the assumption that nicotine vaping was the cause of the outbreak.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Media reporting in the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom of the US Centers for Disease Control's analysis of the causes of the e\u2010cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury outbreak contributed to regulatory over\u2010reactions to nicotine vaping by the public health community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T12:29:28Z","timestamp":1588595368000},"page":"985-993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Lessons from the public health responses to the US outbreak of vaping\u2010related lung injury"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1984-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research University of Queensland  St Lucia QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-8035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coral","family":"Gartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health University of Queensland  St Lucia QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billie","family":"Bonevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health University of Newcastle  Callahan NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).CDC States Investigating Severe Pulmonary Disease Among People Who Use E\u2010Cigarettes: Media Statement for Immediate Release: Saturday August 17;2019. Available at:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2019\/s0817-pulmonary-disease-ecigarettes.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6841e3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6836e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).States Update Number of Hospitalized EVALI Cases and EVALI Deaths: Media Statement for Immediate Release: Thursday January 9 2020. 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Available at:https:\/\/people.com\/crime\/wisconsin-man-20-accused-of-running-large-scale-counterfeit-thc-vaping-scheme-national-epidemic\/(accessed 13 December 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"LovelaceB LaVitoA.More deaths investigations and turmoil at JUUL: here's what happened in the vaping crisis this week. CNBC 2019; 28 September. Available at:https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2019\/09\/28\/heres-what-happened-in-the-vaping-crisis-this-week.html(accessed 13 December 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"NewtonJ.Vaping and lung disease in the US: PHE's advice. Blog: Public Health Matters 2019; 29 October. Available at:https:\/\/publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk\/2019\/10\/29\/vaping-and-lung-disease-in-the-us-phes-advice\/(accessed 13 December 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Vaping in England: An Evidence Update Including Mental Health and Pregnancy, March 2020: A Report Commissioned by Public Health England","author":"McNeill A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.4658"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.16493"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"NewtonJN.Letter to Norman Lamb MP Chair of UK Parliament Science and Technology Committee from Professor John Newton Public Health England re: Electronic\u2010Cigarettes; 2019; 9 October. 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Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2019; 25 June. Available at:http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/11391\/TDAU19001ENN.pdf(accessed 6 April 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","unstructured":"BloodMR.L.A. stores sell supplies for making knock\u2010off possibly dangerous cannabis vapes. LA Times 2019; 17 September. Available at:https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/business\/story\/2019-09-17\/as-illnesses-spread-fake-vape-gear-sells-on-l-a-streets?mc_cid=eb2cc0c5b1&mc_eid=1ec6f16b2c(accessed 13 December 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"WenzkeM DownsD.From \u2018Veronica Mars\u2019 to toxic vapes: the rise and fall of Honey Cut. Leafly 2019; 8 November. Available at:https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/health\/toxic-vaping-vapi-evali-lung-injury-rise-and-fall-of-vitamin-e-oil-honey-cut(accessed 13 December 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","unstructured":"DownsD HowardD BarcottB.Journey of a tainted vape cartridge: from China's labs to your lungs. Leafly 2019; 24 September. Available at:https:\/\/www.leafly.com\/news\/politics\/vape-pen-injury-supply-chain-investigation-leafly."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6847e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","unstructured":"SunL McGinleyL.Probe of lung illnesses focuses on tainted vaping products. Washington Post 2019; 30 August. Available at:https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/health\/2019\/09\/19\/vaping-related-illnesses-surge-fda-announces-criminal-probe\/(accessed 12 May 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"KaplanS RichtelM.The mysterious vaping illness that's \u2018becoming an epidemic\u2019: a surge of severe lung ailments has baffled doctors and public health experts. New York Times 2019; 31 August\/1 September p. 1. Available at:https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/08\/31\/health\/vaping-marijuana-ecigarettes-sickness.html(accessed 12 May 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","unstructured":"LaVitoA.What should people avoid inhaling during mysterious lung disease outbreak? Health officials disagree: The FDA is telling people to avoid products that contain THC while the CDC is saying to avoid e\u2010cigarettes. CNBC 2019; 7 September. Available at:https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2019\/09\/07\/cdc-fda-clash-on-warning-consumers-during-lung-disease-outbreak.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Medical Product Safety Information [posted 09\/06\/2019]: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)\u2010containing Vaping Products: Vaping Illnesses;2019. Available at:https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/safety\/medical-product-safety-information\/tetrahydrocannabinol-thc-containing-vaping-products-vaping-illnesses."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","volume-title":"Outbreak of Lung Illness Associated with Using E\u2010Cigarette Products: Investigation Notice Posted September 6","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00335557743000053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","unstructured":"GottleibS.An e\u2010cigarette is an FDA regulated electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS). It delivers nicotine. What CDC seems to be trying to refer to here are illegal vapes or \u2018dabs\u2019 that contain THC [Tweet] 2020; 17 January. Available at:https:\/\/twitter.com\/ScottGottliebMD\/status\/1217893624353980416(accessed 18 January 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","unstructured":"RomoV.Massachusetts governor signs law severely restricting flavored tobacco vape products. NPR 2019; 27 November. Available at:https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/11\/27\/783400051\/massachusetts-governor-signs-law-severely-restricting-flavored-tobacco-vape-prod(accessed 13 December 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","unstructured":"MaloneyJ LearyA.White House expected to ban vape flavors except tobacco and menthol. Wall Street Journal 2019; 1 November. 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