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However, past literature paradoxically identifies unintended increases in drug\u2010related harm coinciding with synchronized payments that may magnify signals for drug use. The scope of such harm has not been fully characterized among non\u2010institutionalized populations. This study examined socio\u2010demographic, health and drug use\u2010related correlates of payment\u2010coincident drug\u2010related harm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational study uses data from prospective community\u2010based longitudinal cohorts of PWUD between December 2013 and May 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1604 PWUD receiving monthly income assistance. Our sample included 586 (36.5%) women, 861 (53.7%) non\u2010white participants and 685 (42.7%) people living with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was a self\u2010reported composite measure of drug\u2010related harm in the past 6\u00a0months coinciding with income assistance, including higher\u2010frequency substance use, non\u2010fatal overdose and service barriers or interruptions. Subanalyses disaggregated this outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Payment\u2010coincident drug\u2010related harm was reported among 77.7% of participants during the study period. In multivariable models, key correlates positively and significantly associated with payment\u2010coincident harm included: street\u2010based income generation [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u00a0=\u00a01.48, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.26\u20131.74,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001], sex work (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.66, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.35\u20132.04,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), illegal income generation (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.57, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.35\u20131.83\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), homelessness (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.34, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.13\u20131.58,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), exposure to violence (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.31, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.03\u20131.66,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.032), daily crack cocaine use (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.99, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.59\u20132.50,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0\u00a00.001), heavy alcohol use (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.64, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.37\u20131.97,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and injection drug use (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.55, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.01\u20133.23,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). In subanalyses, specific harms were more likely among individuals reporting social, structural and health vulnerabilities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Vancouver, Canada, people who use illicit drugs who receive income assistance report high prevalence of payment\u2010coincident drug\u2010related harm, particularly people experiencing socioeconomic and structural marginalization or engaging in high\u2010intensity drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,4]],"date-time":"2020-07-04T01:25:42Z","timestamp":1593825942000},"page":"536-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Drug\u2010related harm coinciding with income assistance payments: results from a community\u2010based cohort of people who use drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6376-8891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Sociology University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiru","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u2010J","family":"Milloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanna","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6337-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3005973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61686-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20171001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2013.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773567047","volume-title":"Patchworks of Purpose: The Development of Provincial Social Assistance Regimes in Canada","author":"Boychuk G. 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