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Data were collected from hospital records, the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry and autopsy reports.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Presence of alcohol and non\u2010alcohol substances in the bloodstream postmortem, determined through records of toxicology of postmortem femoral blood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>A median of four substances was detected across the causes of death. At least one benzodiazepine was detected in 81 (76%) patients. The median pooled opioid concentration was significantly higher in drug\u2010induced deaths compared with other causes of death (362 versus 182\u00a0ng\/ml, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), in contrast to the pooled benzodiazepine concentration (5466 versus 5701\u00a0ng\/ml, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.353). The multivariate regression analysis showed that only increasing pooled opioid concentration (ng\/ml) was associated with increased odds of a drug\u2010induced cause of death (odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a01.003; 95% confidence interval\u00a0=\u00a01.001\u20131.006).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Norway, overall opioid concentration seems to play an important role in drug\u2010induced deaths during opioid agonist treatment in patients prescribed methadone or buprenorphine. Patients prescribed buprenorphine tend to replace their agonist with full agonists, while patients prescribed methadone tend to have high opioid concentrations from methadone as the only opioid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T11:10:00Z","timestamp":1596280200000},"page":"845-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Postmortem toxicological analyses of blood samples from 107 patients receiving opioid agonist treatment: substances detected and pooled opioid and benzodiazepine concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1833-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Berit","family":"Bech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Department of Mental Health  Brumunddal Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF) Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF) Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Waal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF) Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vigdis","family":"Vindenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde Er\u00f8y","family":"Edvardsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology St Olav's Hospital Trondheim University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivar","family":"Skeie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Department of Mental Health  Brumunddal Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF) Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1550"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0094-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4282-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4382-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/a4dd519a-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).Drug\u2010related Deaths and Mortality in Europe: Update From the EMCDDA Expert Network. 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