{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T12:55:35Z","timestamp":1769950535948,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2CHD041028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2CHD041028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH110872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH110872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To disaggregate associations with alcohol use disorder relative to those with early alcohol use stages in an adult population. We estimated prevalence rates and socio\u2010demographic correlates for the opportunity to drink and transitions into life\u2010time alcohol use, regular use and alcohol use disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective, cross\u2010sectional population survey within a family panel study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chitwan in Nepal, an ethnically diverse setting with heterogeneous ethnic restrictions regarding alcohol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 10\u2009714 individuals aged 15\u201359 years (response rate\u00a0=\u00a093%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Nepal\u2010specific Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed life\u2010time alcohol use opportunity, any use, regular use, disorder and socio\u2010demographic characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy per cent [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a069.08\u201370.82%] of the population had the opportunity to drink, 38.06% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a037.14\u201338.99%) had life\u2010time alcohol use, 32.37% (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a031.48\u201333.27%) had regular alcohol use and 6.04% (95% CI\u00a0= 5.60\u20136.50%) developed an alcohol use disorder. Compared with high\u2010caste Hindus, all other ethnicities had greater odds of early stage transitions [odds ratios (OR) ranged from 1.31, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.16\u20131.47 to 1.98, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.81\u20132.18)], but not of development of disorder. Male sex was associated with greater odds of all transitions, from opportunity (OR\u00a0=\u00a05.71, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a05.41\u20136.03) to development of disorder (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.95, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.35\u20132.81). The youngest cohort had higher odds of all transitions, from opportunity (OR\u00a0=\u00a04.86, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a04.47\u20135.29) to development of disorder (OR\u00a0=\u00a09.34, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a06.88\u201312.70). Higher education was associated with lower odds of all transitions except opportunity [from use (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.77, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.71\u20130.83) to the development of disorder (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.73, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.59\u20130.89)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of life\u2010time alcohol use among adults in Nepal appears to be low, but the overall prevalence of disorder is similar to other countries. Socio\u2010demographic correlates of early alcohol use transitions differ from those associated with later transitions; while sex and age cohort were associated with all transitions, ethnicity was associated with early transitions (opportunity, life\u2010time use, regular use), but not later transitions (use and regular use to disorder).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T16:36:13Z","timestamp":1596904573000},"page":"809-818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Predictors of transitions across stages of alcohol use and disorders in an adult population with heterogeneous ethnic restrictions regarding drinking"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1078-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faith","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4569-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Benjet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research National Institute of Psychiatry Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirgha J.","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0496-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G.","family":"Axinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17870-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018 [internet]","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0549-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"The History of Nepalese Nationalism","author":"Adhikari D. 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