{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:43:14Z","timestamp":1787013794574,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Responses to the 2019 US outbreak of \u2018e\u2010cigarette or vaping product use\u2010associated lung injury\u2019 (EVALI) ranged from temporary restrictions on nicotine e\u2010cigarette sales to critiques of state cannabis policies. However, if either mass\u2010marketed nicotine e\u2010cigarettes or cannabis use\n                      <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>\n                      drove this outbreak, as opposed to an additive in regionally available black\u2010market e\u2010liquids, states\u2019 rates of vaping and\/or cannabis use should predict their EVALI prevalence. This study tests that relationship.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational study of EVALI data from US states\u2019 health departments<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All US states (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a050).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outcome of interest was each state's total EVALI cases per 12\u201364\u2010year\u2010old resident\u2014an age group covering most EVALI patients\u2014as reported in the second week of January 2020. Predictors are 2017\u201318 rates of adult e\u2010cigarette use and past\u2010month cannabis use by state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The average state EVALI prevalence was 1.4 cases per 100\u2009000 12\u201364\u2010year\u2010olds. Maps suggest a high\u2010prevalence cluster comprising seven contiguous states in the northern Midwest. EVALI cases per capita were negatively associated with rates of vaping and past\u2010month cannabis use, with the preferred specification's coefficients at \u22120.239 [95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.441, \u22120.037;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02] and \u22120.086 (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.141, \u22120.031;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003), respectively. Robustness checks supported this finding.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the United States, states with higher rates of e\u2010cigarette and cannabis use prior to the 2019 \u2018e\u2010cigarette or vaping product use\u2010associated lung injury\u2019 (EVALI) outbreak had lower EVALI prevalence. These results suggest that EVALI cases did not arise from e\u2010cigarette or cannabis use\n                      <jats:italic>per se,<\/jats:italic>\n                      but rather from locally distributed e\u2010liquids or additives most prevalent in the affected areas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T14:34:34Z","timestamp":1598366074000},"page":"651-657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Association of vaping\u2010related lung injuries with rates of e\u2010cigarette and cannabis use across US states"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2352-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail S.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services.CDC states investigating severe pulmonary disease among people who use e\u2010cigarettes. 17 August2019[on\u2010line]. Available at:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2019\/s0817-pulmonary-disease-ecigarettes.html(accessed 1 November 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"SchuchatA.E\u2010cigarettes: an emerging threat to public health. 16 October2019[on\u2010line]. Available at:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/washington\/testimony\/2019\/t20191016.htm. (accessed 1 November 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Outbreak of severe pulmonary disease associated with using e\u2010cigarette products. 30 August2019[on\u2010line]. Available at:http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190905182736\/https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/basic_information\/e-cigarettes\/severe-lung-disease.html(accessed 1 November 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Outbreak of lung injury associated with e\u2010cigarette use or vaping. 31 December2019[on\u2010line]. 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