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Although considerable research has been conducted on how moral incongruence relates to pornography use, potential roles for moral incongruence in other putative behavioral addictions have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of moral incongruence in self\u2010perceived addiction to: (i) pornography; (ii) internet addiction; (iii) social networking; and (iv) online gaming.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional, preregistered, online survey using multivariable regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Online study conducted in Poland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>1036 Polish adults aged between 18 and 69\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measures included self\u2010perceived behavioral addiction to pornography, internet use, social networking and online gaming and their hypothesized determinants (moral incongruence, frequency of use, time of use, religiosity, age and gender).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher moral incongruence (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.20, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt; 0.001) and higher religiosity (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.08, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt; 0.05) were independently associated with higher self\u2010perceived addiction to pornography. Additionally, frequency of pornography use was the strongest of the analyzed predictors (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.43, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt; 0.001). A similar, positive relationship between high moral incongruence and self\u2010perceived addiction was also present for internet (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.16, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt; 0.001), social networking (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.18, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt; 0.001) and gaming addictions (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a00.16, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt; 0.001). Religiosity was uniquely, although weakly, connected to pornography addiction, but not to other types of addictive behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Moral incongruence may be positively associated with self\u2010perception of behavioral addictions including not only pornography viewing, but also internet use, social networking and online gaming.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T19:07:55Z","timestamp":1600715275000},"page":"889-899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Frequency of use, moral incongruence and religiosity and their relationships with self\u2010perceived addiction to pornography, internet use, social networking and online gaming"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2437-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Lewczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7701-5612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Nowakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology The Maria Grzegorzewska University  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1491-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Lewandowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6323-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc N.","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, School of Medicine Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling  Wethersfield Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Mental Health Center  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Gola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations University of California  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology Polish Academy of Sciences  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.1.2012.1.0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2010.491884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.294.5544.980"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.662859"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13763"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13828"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360\u20100443.2006.01591.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).ICD\u201011. 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