{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T18:29:53Z","timestamp":1779301793308,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3DA044798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3DA044798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3DA044798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3DA044798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent reports have highlighted the emergence of \u2018wasp dope\u2019 as an issue of concern, but epidemiological evidence is lacking. Wasp dope is a crystalline substance created by electrifying pyrethroid\u2010containing insecticides (e.g. wasp sprays) that may give users a methamphetamine\u2010like \u2018rush\u2019. This paper describes wasp dope use and correlates of use in a sample of people who use drugs (PWUD) in Appalachian Kentucky, a region that has been an epicenter of opioid use and related harms in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respondent\u2010driven sampling and targeted street outreach were used to recruit PWUD. Eligibility criteria included being aged at least 18\u00a0years, residing in one of five Appalachian Kentucky counties, and having either used opioids or injected any drug to get high in the prior 30\u00a0days. Interviewer\u2010administered surveys queried participants\u2019 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0278) recent (past 6\u00a0months) wasp dope use, other substance use and demographic characteristics. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using generalized estimating equations assuming a Poisson outcome distribution in a cross\u2010sectional analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent wasp dope use was reported by 16.1% of participants. Men and people who recently experienced homelessness and transportation difficulties were twice or more as likely to have used wasp dope compared with their counterparts [PR\u00a0=\u00a02.08, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.11, 3.87, PR\u00a0=\u00a02.78, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.64, 4.72 and PR\u00a0=\u00a02.01, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.06\u20133.81, respectively]. While wasp dope use was associated with injection drug use and using opioids and other substances to get high in unadjusted analyses, the factor most strongly associated with wasp dope use was methamphetamine use (PR\u00a0=\u00a017.23, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a02.57, 115.61), specifically methamphetamine injection (PR\u00a0=\u00a04.47, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.56, 12.78).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among people who use drugs in rural Kentucky, USA, more than one in six people surveyed reported using wasp dope in the past 6\u00a0months, nearing the percentage using cocaine\/crack (20%) and fentanyl\/carfentanil (25%). Wasp dope use was higher among men and strongly associated with homelessness, transportation access, methamphetamine use and injection drug use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T06:31:19Z","timestamp":1602829879000},"page":"1901-1907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Emergence of wasp dope in rural Appalachian Kentucky"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"April M.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Kentucky College of Public Health  Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, Department of Behavioral Science University of Kentucky College of Medicine  Lexington KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melvin","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences Emory University Rollins School of Public Health  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7224-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Vickers\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Kentucky College of Public Health  Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, Department of Behavioral Science University of Kentucky College of Medicine  Lexington KY USA"},{"name":"School of Nursing University of Louisville  Louisville KY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah L. F.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences Emory University Rollins School of Public Health  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"NewsChannel 5 Nashville WTVF.Man Found Naked In Tree After Doing \u2018Wasp Spray Dope\u2019.2018. Available at:https:\/\/www.newschannel5.com\/news\/man\u2010found\u2010naked\u2010in\u2010tree\u2010after\u2010doing\u2010wasp\u2010spray\u2010dope(accessed 31 March 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"NewsChannel 5 Nashville WTVF.Drug mix of meth bug spray called \u2018wasp\u2019 leads to Tennessee man's rampage and arrest. 8 December2017. Available at:https:\/\/www.wcpo.com\/news\/national\/wasp\u2010tennessee\u2010arrest\u20102017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"HaysH. V. ScheerR.\u2018Think what it's doing to your brain\u2019: using bug spray to get high. IndySta. 21 March 2018. Available at:https:\/\/www.indystar.com\/story\/news\/crime\/2018\/03\/18\/think\u2010what\u2010its\u2010doing\u2010yourbrain\u2010using\u2010bug\u2010spray\u2010get\u2010high\/426668002\/. (accessed 31 March 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"GundersonK.Wasp spray used in addition to meth contributed to three overdoses. WVSP 15 July 15 2019. Available at:https:\/\/wchstv.com\/news\/local\/wvsp\u2010wasp\u2010spray\u2010used\u2010as\u2010synthetic\u2010meth\u2010contributed\u2010to\u2010three\u2010overdoses. (accessed 31 March 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"KXRB Radio Sioux Falls.Parents Beware of Wasp Spray. 9 August2017. Available at:kxrb.com\/parents\u2010beware\u2010of\u2010wasp\u2010spray\u2010drug\/. (accessed 31 March 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"WilliamsT.In a town where meth is eclipsing opioids everyone feels the pain. New York Times 28 March 2020. Available at:https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/28\/us\/methamphetamine\u2010kentucky\u2010effects.html. (accessed April 23 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Tango_down.Wasp spray? Seeking real info. Compund ID and effects LD50 etc. Available at:https:\/\/www.bluelight.org\/xf\/threads\/wasp\u2010spray\u2010seeking\u2010real\u2010info\u2010compund\u2010id\u2010and\u2010effects\u2010ld50\u2010etc.876507\/.2019. (accessed 31 March 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Propoxyfiend.Breakthrough Method on Methamphetamine Production. Available at:https:\/\/the\u2010hive.archive.erowid.org\/forum\/showflat.pl?static=1&Cat=&Number=445765.2003(updated 17 June 17 2003). Accessed April 24 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"jester070993.Methamphetamine from bug spray. Reddit. Available at:https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/Drugs\/comments\/5i1qvh\/methamphetamine_from_bug_spray\/.2016(updated 13 December 2016). 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