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Smoking dependence was assessed using the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and smoking dependence motives with three subscales from the multi\u2010dimensional Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM): primary dependence motives (PDM), affective enhancement (AE), and Taste. Logistic regressions, using standardized scores of independent variables and adjusted for multiple confounders with correction for sampling as twin pairs, were used in the individual\u2010based analyses. Conditional logistic regression was used to control for shared familial factors in discordant twin pairs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prevalence of depression was 18% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0163: 61 [14%] in men,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0102 [22%] in women). Higher smoking dependence measured by the FTCD (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.20, 1.75), and dependence motives measured by the PDM (1.56; 1.30, 1.87) and the AE (1.54; 1.28, 1.85) were associated with higher odds of depression. The associations remained after adjusting for individual confounders, except for neuroticism, which attenuated all associations. FTCD, PDM, and AE showed associations with depression within depression\u2010discordant monozygotic pairs, suggesting an association independent of familial factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression appears to be associated with smoking dependence and smoking dependence motives related to heavy, automatic use and use to regulate affective states. The associations appear to be confounded or mediated by neuroticism but are independent of shared familial influences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T02:01:51Z","timestamp":1614218511000},"page":"2162-2174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The associations of smoking dependence motives with depression among daily smokers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7270-6676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarit","family":"Piirtola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, PO. 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Box 20 20014 University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3251-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy B.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health  1930 Monroe Street Madison WI 53711\u20102059 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Piasecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences University of Missouri  210 McAlester Hall Columbia MO 65211 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9876-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan E.","family":"Piper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health  1930 Monroe Street Madison WI 53711\u20102059 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2838-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tellervo","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, PO. 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