{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:00:11Z","timestamp":1791255611949,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following the recognition of \u2018internet gaming disorder\u2019 (IGD) as a condition requiring further study by the DSM\u20105, \u2018gaming disorder\u2019 (GD) was officially included as a diagnostic entity by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD\u201011). However, the proposed diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder remain the subject of debate, and there has been no systematic attempt to integrate the views of different groups of experts. To achieve a more systematic agreement on this new disorder, this study employed the Delphi expert consensus method to obtain expert agreement on the diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value of the DSM\u20105 criteria and ICD\u201011 clinical guidelines for GD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 29 international experts with clinical and\/or research experience in GD completed three iterative rounds of a Delphi survey. Experts rated proposed criteria in progressive rounds until a pre\u2010determined level of agreement was achieved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For DSM\u20105 IGD criteria, there was an agreement both that a subset had high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value and that some (e.g. tolerance, deception) had low diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value. Crucially, some DSM\u20105 criteria (e.g. escapism\/mood regulation, tolerance) were regarded as incapable of distinguishing between problematic and non\u2010problematic gaming. In contrast, ICD\u201011 diagnostic guidelines for GD (except for the criterion relating to diminished non\u2010gaming interests) were judged as presenting high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This Delphi survey provides a foundation for identifying the most diagnostically valid and clinically useful criteria for GD. There was expert agreement that some DSM\u20105 criteria were not clinically relevant and may pathologize non\u2010problematic patterns of gaming, whereas ICD\u201011 diagnostic guidelines are likely to diagnose GD adequately and avoid pathologizing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:02:53Z","timestamp":1610755373000},"page":"2463-2475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Expert appraisal of criteria for assessing gaming disorder: an international Delphi study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Castro\u2010Calvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments University of Valencia  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