{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:04:07Z","timestamp":1777424647070,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001921","name":"Public Health Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14\/153\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/153\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To provide public health\u2010related research evidence on types and usage patterns of new psychoactive substances (NPS), developmental pathways into NPS and decision\u2010making factors for, and associated harms of, NPS use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three\u2010phase mixed\u2010methods design, including a latent class analysis (LCA) of the longitudinal Belfast Youth Development Study (BYDS), a narrative analysis of interviews with NPS users and a three\u2010step approach manual method modelling using regressions to reveal classes of substance use and their associated predictors and outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Northern Ireland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2039 people who responded to the questions on \u2018ever use\u2019 of the drug variables included at wave 7 (aged 21\u00a0years) of the BYDS. Eighty\u2010four narrative interviews with NPS users.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Categories of drug use identified by LCA. Predictors and outcomes included measures of family, partners, peers, substance use, school, delinquency and mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>A four\u2010class solution provided the best fit for the data: alcohol; alcohol and tobacco; alcohol, tobacco and cannabis; and polydrug (the latter including NPS). The qualitative analysis yielded a taxonomy that distinguished how NPS operate within a wider range of drug repertoires from experimental to problematic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Northern Ireland, new psychoactive substances appear to be a feature of broader polydrug use rather than a standalone class of drug use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T21:50:43Z","timestamp":1611870643000},"page":"2454-2462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["New psychoactives within polydrug use trajectories\u2014evidence from a mixed\u2010method longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Higgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leeanne","family":"O'Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie\u2010Ann","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Research Centre Northern Health and Social Care Trust  Antrim UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6100-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC\/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"},{"name":"School of Psychology Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1664-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).Annual Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in the European Union and Norway. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities;2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).Annual Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Union;2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).European Drug Report 2016: Trends and Developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union;2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526401670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).High\u2010risk Drug Use and New Psychoactive Substances: Results from an EMCDDA Trendspotter Study. EMCDDA Rapid Communication. 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