{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:58:34Z","timestamp":1780991914967,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008673","name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of California, San Diego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AI036214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI036214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008673","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Syringe\u2010sharing among people who inject drugs, which can occur during incarceration and post\u2010release, has been linked with increased risk of blood\u2010borne infections. We aimed to investigate the cumulative effect of repeated incarceration and the post\u2010release period on receptive syringe\u2010sharing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ongoing community\u2010based cohort, recruited through targeted sampling between 2011 and 2012 with 6\u2010month follow\u2010ups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tijuana, Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sample of 185 participants (median age 35\u00a0years; 67% female) with no history of incarceration at study entry, followed to 2017.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cumulative incarceration and post\u2010release period were constructed from incarceration events reported in the past 6\u00a0months for each study visit. Receptive syringe\u2010sharing in the past 6\u00a0months was assessed as a binary variable. We used logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to examine the association between cumulative incarceration events and the post\u2010release period with receptive syringe\u2010sharing over time. Missing data were handled through multiple imputation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, 65% of participants engaged in receptive syringe\u2010sharing in the prior 6\u00a0months. At follow\u2010up, 150 (81%) participants experienced a total of 358 incarceration events [median\u00a0= 2, interquartile range\u00a0(IQR)\u00a0=\u00a01\u20133]. The risk of receptive syringe\u2010sharing increased with the number of repeated incarcerations. Compared with never incarcerated, those with one incarceration had 1.28 [95% confidence interval (CI) =\u00a00.97\u20131.68] higher adjusted odds of syringe\u2010sharing; two to three incarcerations, 1.42 (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.02\u20131.99) and more than three incarcerations, 2.10 (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.15\u20133.85). Participants released within the past 6\u00a0months had 1.53 (95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.14\u20132.05) higher odds of sharing syringes compared with those never incarcerated. This post\u2010release risk continued up to 1.5\u00a0years post\u2010incarceration (adjusted odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a01.41, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.04\u20131.91), but then waned.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A longitudinal community cohort study among people who inject drugs suggested that the effects of incarceration on increased injecting risk, measured through syringe\u2010sharing, are cumulative and persist during the post\u2010release period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T09:17:37Z","timestamp":1614071857000},"page":"2724-2733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of cumulative incarceration and the post\u2010release period on syringe\u2010sharing among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico: a longitudinal analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8685-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos D.","family":"Rivera Saldana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health San Diego State University  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Beletsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"School of Law and Bouve College of Health Sciences Northeastern University  Boston MA 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Luisa","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work San Diego State University  San Diego CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha K.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA 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