{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:20:51Z","timestamp":1791487251870,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few meta\u2010analyses have been conducted to pool the most constant risk factors for problem gambling. The present meta\u2010analysis summarizes effect sizes of the most frequently assessed problem gambling risk factors, ranks them according to effect size strength and identifies any differences in effects across genders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis was conducted on jurisdiction\u2010wide gambling prevalence surveys on the general adult population published until March 2019. One hundred and four studies were eligible for meta\u2010analysis. The number of participants varied depending on the risk factor analyzed, and ranged from 5327 to 273\u2009946 (52% female). Weighted mean odds ratios were calculated for 57 risk factors (socio\u2010demographic, psychosocial, gambling activity and substance use correlates), allowing them to be ranked from largest to smallest with regard to their association with problem gambling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The highest odds ratio (OR) was for internet gambling [OR\u00a0=\u00a07.59, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a05.24, 10.99,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.000] and the lowest was for employment status (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.03, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.87, 1.22,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a00.718). The largest effect sizes were generally in the gambling activity category and the smallest were in the socio\u2010demographic category. No differences were found across genders for age\u2010associated risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A meta\u2010analysis of 104 studies of gambling prevalence indicated that the most frequently assessed problem gambling risk factors with the highest effect sizes are associated with continuous\u2010play format gambling products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T09:21:31Z","timestamp":1614072091000},"page":"2968-2977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["A meta\u2010analysis of problem gambling risk factors in the general adult population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-2405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Allami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ALLY Addiction Consulting  Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"},{"name":"Centre de R\u00e9adaptation en D\u00e9pendance de Montr\u00e9al, Institut Universitaire CIUSSS du Centre\u2010Sud\u2010de\u2010l'Ile\u2010de\u2010Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6125-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Carleton University  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Brunelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de psycho\u00e9ducation Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois\u2010Rivi\u00e8res  Trois\u2010Rivi\u00e8res QC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2666-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Calgary  Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de psychologie Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Claire","family":"Flores\u2010Pajot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Nadeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de psychologie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"The Population Prevalence of Problem Gambling: Methodological Influences, Standardized Rates, Jurisdictional Differences, and Worldwide Trends","author":"Williams R. J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9548-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(02)00101-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-008-9088-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715626512"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0393-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415575774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2014_28_168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.10.1013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0495-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610911003650383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"Comprehensive Meta\u2010Analysis","author":"Borenstein M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report","author":"Ferris J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Best Practices in the Population Assessment of Problem Gambling [internet]","author":"Williams R. J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2013.839731"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040509"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"Gambling Impact and Behavior Study: Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission","author":"Gerstein D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952991003721118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-005-9002-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers","author":"Sobell L. C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014580112648"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-020-09950-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1360928"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.00962.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020334"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15449","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.15449","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:19:26Z","timestamp":1780989566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.15449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.15449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15449","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}