{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:08:52Z","timestamp":1791475732903,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AT011342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AT011342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AA026918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AA026918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34AA026021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34AA026021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24AA022002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24AA022002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3AA026214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3AA026214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12DA000167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12DA000167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA007238\u201027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA007238\u201027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Theory\u2010driven, exploratory study to: (i) identify a reward drinking phenotype in young adults; (ii) evaluate this phenotype as a predictor of naltrexone response; and (iii) examine mechanisms of naltrexone in reward drinkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 128 young adult (ages 18\u201325) heavy drinkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Naltrexone versus placebo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Daily surveys assessed affect, urge, drinking, and context. The Drinking Motives Questionnaire was used to identify phenotypes based on reward (enhancement motives) and relief (coping motives) drinking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified three profiles: \u201cLow reward\/Low relief\u201d (14.1%; low enhancement\/low coping motives); \u201cReward drinkers\u201d (62.2%; high enhancement\/low coping motives); and \u201cHigh reward\/High relief\u201d (22.7%; high enhancement\/high coping motives). Among reward drinkers (versus low profile), naltrexone significantly reduced percent days drinking to intoxication (blood alcohol concentration [BAC] \u22650.08) (PDI) (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.56; 95% CI [0.17, 0.96]) and percent high intensity drinking days (PHID) (8\/10 drinks for women\/men) (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.32; 95% CI [0.01, 0.68]). Among the high reward\/high relief profile drinkers (versus low profile), naltrexone reduced PHID (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.69; 95% CI [0.02, 1.50]). Using profile\u2010informed cutoffs and observed scores (for clinical applicability): (i) among cutoff\u2010derived reward drinkers, we found a medium\u2010to\u2010large (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.66; 95% CI [0.24, 1.16]) and small effect (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.28; 95% CI [0.04, 0.72]) of naltrexone in reducing PDI and PHID, respectively; and (ii) among the cutoff\u2010derived high reward\/high relief subgroup, we found a medium\u2010to\u2010large effect (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 0.63; 95% CI [0.05, 1.1]) of naltrexone in reducing PHID. Among reward drinkers (not other profiles), naltrexone reduced drinking on days a drinking event occurred by weakening the within\u2010day association between positive affect and urges (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Naltrexone has pronounced effects in reducing risky drinking among young adult reward drinkers (high reward\/low relief) by reducing urges on days when individuals have higher positive affect and are exposed to a drinking event. Naltrexone also appears to reduce risky drinking among young adult high reward\/high relief drinkers, but not via the same mechanism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T14:21:18Z","timestamp":1614090078000},"page":"2360-2371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Reward drinking and naltrexone treatment response among young adult heavy drinkers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0086-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corey R.","family":"Roos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krysten W.","family":"Bold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Witkiewitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Leeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven CT USA"},{"name":"Department of Health Education and Behavior University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly S.","family":"DeMartini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9410-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Fucito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Corbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Arizona State University  Tempe AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry R.","family":"Kranzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania and Crescenz VAMC  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"O'Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yale School of Medicine  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2161"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60746-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3628"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12669"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax4043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","article-title":"The future of translational research on alcohol use disorder","author":"Ray L. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/34.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00884.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.282"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12427"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152710790966704"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12747"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Inventory of drinking situations","author":"Annis H.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08934"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.14.2.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.2.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","volume-title":"Brief alcohol screening and intervention for college students (BASICS): A harm reduction approach","author":"Dimeff L. A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.424"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.4.2.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb00983.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9nL Muth\u00e9nB.Mplus user's guide. Version 8; 2017.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470567333"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13556"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13475"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13601"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16101180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-200032331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12546"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15453","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.15453","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15453","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T04:58:19Z","timestamp":1692853099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.15453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.15453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15453","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}