{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:47:46Z","timestamp":1792025266312,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007615","name":"Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE1060100459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE1060100459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007615","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested the effectiveness of three different messages designed to increase limit\u2010setting on gambling sites and sent these via e\u2010mail or in\u2010account notification to compare delivery modes. As a secondary aim, we examined the effects of limit\u2010setting on gambling behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A pre\u2010registered, naturalistic randomized control trial using a 3\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 plus control design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four on\u2010line Australian sports and racing wagering websites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 31\u2009989 wagering customers (reduced to 26,560 after eligibility screening) who had placed bets on at least 5\u00a0days in the past 30 [mean age\u00a0= 41.4, standard deviation (SD)\u00a0=\u00a014.3; 79% male].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions and comparators<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Messages were sent via e\u2010mail or in\u2010account notification by on\u2010line gambling operators and were designed to either: (1) be informative, describing the availability and purpose of the tool (informative messages), (2) highlight the benefits other people receive from using the tool (social messages) or (3) promote the benefit individuals could receive from using the tool (personal messages). A control group who did not receive messages was monitored for comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our primary outcome was the number of customers who set a deposit limit within 5\u00a0days of receiving messages and secondary outcomes included pre\u2010 and post\u2010message betting behaviour (e.g. average daily wager).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and sixty\u2010one (0.71%) customers sent messages set limits compared to three (0.08%) controls [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u00a0=\u00a08.17, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a02.99, 33.76)]. Social and personal messages were no more effective than informative messages (aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.98, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.65, 1.48; aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.93, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.60, 1.44) and in\u2010account messages were no more effective than e\u2010mails (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.02, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.71, 1.49). Customers who set limits significantly decreased their average daily wager, the SD of daily wager, net loss and betting intensity compared with non\u2010limit\u2010setters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Messages to on\u2010line gambling website customers are inexpensive, and may lead to small but impactful increases in setting deposit limits. Limit\u2010setting may be an effective strategy for reducing gambling expenditure and intensity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T06:53:44Z","timestamp":1615359224000},"page":"2801-2813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Encouraging and evaluating limit\u2010setting among on\u2010line gamblers: a naturalistic randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Heirene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Faculty, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Psychology University of Sydney  Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9641-5838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally M.","family":"Gainsbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Faculty, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Psychology University of Sydney  Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09859-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","article-title":"Experiences of responsible gambling tools among non\u2010problem gamblers: a survey of active customers of an online gambling platform","volume":"9","author":"Ivanova E.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global limit setting as a responsible gambling tool: what do players think?","author":"Auer M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mental Health Addict"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-008-9106-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9332-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00639"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/ijbm.v12n7p17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Gambling Participation in 2018: Behaviour, Awareness and Attitudes","author":"UK Gambling Commission","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","article-title":"Understanding use of consumer protection tools among internet gambling customers: utility of the theory of planned behavior and theory of reasoned action","author":"Procter L.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research","author":"Fishbein M.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Behavioural Insights Team.Can behavioural insights be used to reduce risky play in online environments?2018[on\u2010line]. 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Boeing\u2010MessingF.et al.BFpack: Flexible Bayes factor testing of scientific expectations [internet].2020. 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