{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:07:04Z","timestamp":1788919624663,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Building upon an existing methodology and conceptual framework for estimating the association between the use of substances and crime, we calculated attributable fractions that estimate the proportion of crimes explained by alcohol and six other categories of psychoactive substances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional surveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Canadian federal correctional institutions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Canadian men (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a027\u2009803) and women (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01335) offenders who began serving a custodial sentence in a Canadian federal correctional institution between 2006 and 2016.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Offenders completed the computerized assessment of substance abuse, a self\u2010report tool designed to assess (1) whether the offence for which they were convicted would have occurred had they not been intoxicated from alcohol or another substance, (2) whether they committed the offence to support their alcohol or other substance use and (3) whether they were dependent on alcohol (alcohol dependence scale) or another substance (drug abuse screening test). Offences were grouped into four mutually exclusive categories: violent crimes, non\u2010violent crimes, impaired driving and substance\u2010defined crimes. This study focused on violent and non\u2010violent crime categories. Substances assessed were: alcohol, cannabis, opioids, other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, cocaine, other CNS stimulants and other substances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to offender self\u2010report, 42% of all violent and non\u2010violent crime would probably not have occurred if the perpetrator had not been under the influence of, or seeking, alcohol or other substances. Between 2006 and 2016, 20% of violent crimes and 7% of non\u2010violent crimes in Canada were considered attributable to alcohol. In contrast, all other psychoactive substance categories combined were associated with 26% of all violent crime and 25% of non\u2010violent crime during the same time\u2010frame.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attributable fraction analyses show that more than 42% of Canadian crime resulting in a custodial sentence between 2006 and 2016 would probably not have occurred if the perpetrator had not been under the influence of or seeking alcohol or other drugs. Attributable fractions for alcohol and substance\u2010related crime are a potentially useful resource for estimating the impact of alcohol and other substances on crime.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T07:29:15Z","timestamp":1616138955000},"page":"3198-3205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Attributable fractions for substance use in relation to crime"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6125-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction  Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Carleton University  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chealsea","family":"De Moor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pam","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5696-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Stockwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research University of Victoria  Victoria BC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Victoria  Victoria BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Sherk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research University of Victoria  Victoria BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2166-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research University of Victoria  Victoria BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin T.","family":"Sorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research University of Victoria  Victoria BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanna","family":"Farrell MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Branch, Correctional Service of Canada  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Weekes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Carleton University  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Biggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Maloney\u2010Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction  Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Proportions of Crimes Associated with Alcohol and Other Drugs in Canada","author":"Pernanen K.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204268501500406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"RehmJ. BaliunasD. BrochuS. FischerB. GnamW. PatraJ.et al.The Costs of Substance Abuse in Canada 2002. Report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse; 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms Scientific Working Group.Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms (2014\u20132017). Ottawa ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction;2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Special Advisory Committee on the Epidemic of Opioid Overdoses.National Report: Apparent Opioid\u2010Related Deaths in Canada (January 2016 to June 2018). Ottawa ON: Public Health Agency of Canada;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Drug and opioid\u2010involved overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2013\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"Scholl L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e674312010-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"PernanenK. BrochuS. CousineauM. M. CournoyerL. G. SunF.Attributable Fractions for Alcohol and Illicit Drugs in Relation to Crime in Canada: Conceptualization Methods and Internal Consistency of Estimates. Vienns Austria: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime;2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"KunicD. GrantB. A.The Computerized Assessment of Substance Abuse (CASA): Results from the Demonstration Project. Ottawa ON: Correctional Service of Canada;2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Correctional Service of Canada.The Women's Computerized Assessment of Substance Abuse (WCASA) [data file]. Ottawa ON: Correctional Service of Canada;2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"Alcohol Dependence Scale: Users Guide","author":"Skinner H. 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Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Office of National Drug Control Policy.Improving the Measurement of Drug Related Crime. Washington DC: Executive Office of the President.2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Department of Justice Canada.Criminal Court Case Processing Time. Just Facts. Ottawa ON: Department of Justice;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626001016002005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502250085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854892019002003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research: Workshop Summary","author":"Thornberry T. 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