{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:59:09Z","timestamp":1780991949113,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Examining risk\u2010curves is important to understanding the degree to which indices of gambling consumption are associated with gambling\u2010related harm. Risk\u2010curves have largely been described as J\u2010shaped, suggesting that at low levels of consumption harm remain constant but then increase sharply at a certain threshold. Alternative methods in recent work, however, have described risk\u2010curves as linear and R\u2010shaped, indicating that risk of harm increases as consumption increases at all levels of consumption. The aim of the current study is to estimate the shape of gambling risk\u2010curves using competing methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic comparison of gambling risk\u2010curves using categorical (via plots) and continuous (via bootstrapped regression analyses) operationalizations of gambling consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Setting and participants<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Data were 2873 gamblers (1417 women) from the fourth Social and Economic Impact Study of Gambling in Tasmania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gambling\u2010related harm was assessed using the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) and Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS). Gambling consumption was assessed as annual frequency, expenditure and expenditure as a proportion of income.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Categorical gambling consumption data plotted with equal magnitudes evidenced J\u2010shaped risk\u2010curves. When the magnitude of gambling categories was re\u2010scaled to the mid\u2010points, risk\u2010curves no longer appeared J\u2010shaped. Additionally, bootstrapped regression analyses using the continuous gambling consumption data did not provide evidence for J\u2010shaped risk\u2010curves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gambling risk\u2010curves in Tasmania appear not to be J\u2010shaped, but rather suggest that risk of gambling\u2010related harm increases with even small increases in gambling consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T11:13:10Z","timestamp":1617707590000},"page":"3219-3226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The shape of gambling risk\u2010curves for frequency, expenditure and proportion of income in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Deakin University  Geelong Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George J.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Deakin University  Geelong Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"Merkouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Deakin University  Geelong Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8592-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicki A.","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Deakin University  Geelong Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne Graduate School of Education University of Melbourne  Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01392.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790802172265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13909"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13178"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790802652209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9698-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"ACIL Allen Consulting Deakin University Central Queensland University The Social Research Centre.Fourth Social and Economic Impact Study of Gambling in Tasmania: Report 2. Hobart Australia: Tasmanian Department of Treasury and Finance;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"FerrisJ WynneH.The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report [internet]. Ottawa ON: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse;2001. Available at:http:\/\/www.cclat.ca\/2003and earlier CCSA Documents\/ccsa\u2010008805\u20102001.pdf (accessed 21 July 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"The Development of Empirically Derived Australian Responsible Gambling Limits","author":"Dowling N.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).Survey of Income and Housing 2017\u201318. Belconnen ACT: ABS;2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"StataCorp.Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Satation TX: StataCorp;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645570701211209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-008-9091-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000088"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-020-09928-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020167"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0189-z"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15507","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.15507","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:19:59Z","timestamp":1780989599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.15507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.15507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15507","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}