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We aimed to separate effects of the maternal environment (intrauterine or postnatal) from pleiotropic genetic effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary analysis of a longitudinal study. We (i) validated smoking and caffeine genetic risk scores (GRS) derived from published genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) for use during pregnancy, (ii) compared estimated effects of maternal and offspring GRS on childhood mental health outcomes and (iii) tested associations between maternal and offspring GRS on their respective outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from a longitudinal birth cohort study from England, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our sample included 7921 mothers and 7964 offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mental health and non\u2010mental health phenotypes were derived from questionnaires and clinical assessments: 79 maternal phenotypes assessed during and outside of pregnancy and 71 offspring phenotypes assessed in childhood (&lt;10\u00a0years) and adolescence (11\u201318\u00a0years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The maternal smoking and caffeine GRS were associated with maternal smoking and caffeine consumption during pregnancy (2nd trimester: P\n                      <jats:sub>smoking<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a03.0 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>\n                      , P\n                      <jats:sub>caffeine<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a03.28 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Both the maternal and offspring smoking GRS showed evidence of association with reduced childhood anxiety symptoms (\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>maternal<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.033; \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>offspring<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.031) and increased conduct disorder symptoms (\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>maternal<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.024; \u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>offspring<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.030), after correcting for multiple testing. Finally, the maternal and offspring smoking GRS were associated with phenotypes related to sensation seeking behaviours in mothers and adolescence (e.g. increased symptoms of externalising disorders, extraversion and monotony avoidance). The caffeine GRS showed weaker evidence for associations with mental health outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did not find strong evidence that maternal smoking and caffeine genetic risk scores have a causal effect on offspring mental health outcomes. Our results confirm that the smoking genetic risk scores also captures liability for sensation seeking personality traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T13:16:48Z","timestamp":1619183808000},"page":"3153-3166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Maternal and child genetic liability for smoking and caffeine consumption and child mental health: an intergenerational genetic risk score analysis in the ALSPAC cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6436-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Schellhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8872-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elis","family":"Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3718-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayleigh E.","family":"Easey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3961-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn E.","family":"Wootton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Sallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma C.","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Bristol Dental School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4049-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus R.","family":"Munaf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Zuccolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.6.674"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002678"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smoking and the risk for bipolar disorder: evidence from a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"17","author":"Vermeulen J. 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