{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:34:12Z","timestamp":1790685252624,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe (i) self\u2010reported changes in drug use and (ii) trends in price, perceived availability, and perceived purity of illicit drugs, among people who regularly use ecstasy\/ 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other illicit stimulants in Australia following COVID\u201019 and associated restrictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Annual interviews with cross\u2010sectional sentinel samples conducted face\u2010to\u2010face in 2016\u201319 and via video conferencing or telephone in 2020. Data were collected via an interviewer\u2010administered structured questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Australian capital cities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Australians aged 16\u00a0years or older who used ecstasy\/MDMA and other illicit stimulants on a monthly or more frequent basis and resided in a capital city, recruited via social media and word\u2010of\u2010mouth (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0~\u00a0800 each year).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Key outcome measures were self\u2010reported illicit drug market indicators (price, purity and availability) and, in 2020 only, perceived change in drug use (including alcohol and tobacco) since March 2020 and reasons for this change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>For most drugs, participants reported either no change or a reduction in their use since COVID\u201019 restrictions were introduced. Ecstasy\/MDMA was the drug most frequently cited as reduced in use (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0552, 70% of those reporting recent use), mainly due to reduced opportunities for socialization. While market indicators were largely stable across most drugs, the odds of perceiving MDMA capsules as \u2018high\u2019 in purity decreased compared with 2016\u201319 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u00a0=\u00a00.72, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a00.53\u20130.99], as did perceiving them as \u2018easy\u2019 to obtain (aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.42, CI\u00a0=\u00a00.26\u20130.67). The odds of perceiving cocaine and methamphetamine crystal as \u2018easy\u2019 to obtain also decreased (aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.67, CI\u00a0=\u00a00.46\u20130.96 and aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.12, CI\u00a0=\u00a00.04\u20130.41, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>After COVID\u201019\u2010related restrictions were introduced in Australia, use of ecstasy\/MDMA, related stimulants and other licit and illicit drugs mainly appeared to remain stable or decrease, primarily due to impediments to socialization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T04:48:29Z","timestamp":1624423709000},"page":"182-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Changes in illicit drug use and markets with the COVID\u201019 pandemic and associated restrictions: findings from the Ecstasy and Related 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