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Non\u2010invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are promising treatments for nicotine dependence. We investigated the efficacy and acceptability of NIBS in managing smoking cessation through a systematic review and network meta\u2010analysis (NMA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a systematic review to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the efficacy of NIBS for smoking cessation. All pairwise meta\u2010analyses and NMA procedures were conducted using random\u2010effects and frequentist models. The co\u2010primary outcomes were (1) the change in number of cigarettes smoked per day (change in frequency of smoking) in patients with nicotine dependence after NIBS and (2) acceptability (the dropout rate). The effect sizes for co\u2010primary outcomes of change in frequency of smoking and acceptability were assessed according to standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve RCTs with 710 participants (mean age: 44.2\u00a0years, 31.2% female) were included. Compared with the sham control, 10\u2010Hz rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was associated with the largest changes in smoking frequency [SMD\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.22, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.77 to \u22120.66]. The 2\u2010mA bifrontal tDCS (SMD\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.97, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.32 to \u22120.62) and 10\u2010Hz deep rTMS over the bilateral DLPFC with cue provocation (SMD\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.77, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.20 to \u22120.34) were associated with a significantly larger decrease in smoking frequency versus the sham. None of the investigated NIBSs was associated with dropout rates significantly different from those of the sham control groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prefrontal non\u2010invasive brain stimulation interventions appear to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked with good acceptability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T16:08:19Z","timestamp":1628093299000},"page":"1830-1842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Efficacy of non\u2010invasive brain stimulation interventions in reducing smoking frequency in patients with nicotine dependence: a systematic review and network meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled 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