{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:00:48Z","timestamp":1771513248611,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1163961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1163961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1196892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1196892"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004752","name":"State Government of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmaceutical opioids are a significant contributor to the global \u2018opioid crisis\u2019, yet few studies have comprehensively distinguished between opioid types. We measured whether a range of common pharmaceutical opioids varied in their contribution to the rates and characteristics of harm in a population\u2010wide indicator of non\u2010fatal overdose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective observational study of emergency department (ED) patient care records in the Victorian Emergency Minimum Data set (VEMD), July 2009 to June 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Victoria, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Cases<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ED presentations for non\u2010fatal overdose related to pharmaceutical opioid use (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20095403), where the specific pharmaceutical opioid was documented.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We compared harms across the nine individual pharmaceutical opioids most commonly sold, and considered where multiple opioids contributed to the overdose. We calculated supply\u2010adjusted rates of ED presentations using Poisson regression and used multinomial logistic regression to compare demographic and clinical characteristics of presentations among nine distinct pharmaceutical opioids and a 10th category where multiple opioids were documented for the presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were wide differences, up to 27\u2010fold, between supply\u2010adjusted rates of overdose. When considering presentations with sole opioids, the highest supply\u2010adjusted overdose rates [per 100\u2009000 oral morphine equivalents (OME); 95% confidence interval (CI)] were for codeine (OME\u2009=\u20090.078, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.073\u20130.08) and oxycodone (OME\u2009=0.029, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.027\u20130.030) and the lowest were for tapentadol (OME\u2009=\u20090.004, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.003\u20130.006) and fentanyl (OME\u2009=\u20090.003, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.002\u20130.004). These rates appeared related to availability rather than opioid potency. Most (62%) poisonings involved females. Codeine, oxycodone and tramadol were associated with younger presentations (respectively, 59.5%, 41.7% and 49.8% of presentations were 12\u201034 years old), and intentional self\u2010harm (respectively 65.2%, 50.6%, and 52.8% of presentations). Relative to morphine, fentanyl [\u20090.32 relative risk ratio (RRR)] and methadone (\u20090.58 RRR) presentations were less likely to be coded as self\u2010harm. Relative to morphine\u2013buprenorphine, codeine, oxycodone and tramadol presentations were significantly more likely to be associated with the less urgent triage categories (respectively 2.18, 1.80, 1.52, 1.65 RRR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Victoria, Australia, rates and characteristics of emergency department presentations for pharmaceutical opioids show distinct variations by opioid type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T06:17:24Z","timestamp":1627885044000},"page":"623-636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pharmaceutical opioid poisonings in Victoria, Australia: Rates and characteristics of a decade of emergency department presentations among nine pharmaceutical opioids"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Frankston VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5803-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Hayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Frankston VIC Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit, Monash University Accident Research Centre Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janneke","family":"Berecki\u2010Gisolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Frankston VIC Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit, Monash University Accident Research Centre Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Frankston VIC Australia"},{"name":"Turning Point Eastern Health  Richmond VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan I.","family":"Lubman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Frankston VIC Australia"},{"name":"Turning Point Eastern Health  Richmond VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Frankston VIC Australia"},{"name":"Turning Point Eastern Health  Richmond VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6712a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Vivolo\u2010KantorAM SethP GladdenRM MattsonCL BaldwinGT Kite\u2010PowellAet al.Vital Signs: Trends in Emergency Department Visits for Suspected Opioid Overdoses\u2014United States July 2016\u2013September 2017. 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