{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:55:20Z","timestamp":1783392920146,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a paucity of data on outcomes of opioid use disorder (OUD) from low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. We aimed to investigate the mortality as well as negative social and health outcomes in a 6\u2010year follow\u2010up study of a cohort of individuals with opioid use, including those with OUD, in Iran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with opioid use initially interviewed in late 2011 in the Iranian National Mental Health Survey (IranMHS)\u2014a household survey of 15\u201364\u2010year\u2010old population\u2014were followed\u2010up in early 2018.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>All respondents (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009236) who had reported use of any opioids at least five times during the 12\u2010month period prior to the index interview were included in the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) version 2.1 was used for assessment of opioid use and OUD at baseline. Vital status in the follow\u2010up was ascertained through contact with participants\/informants, primarily via telephone calls and also through the death registration systems. Weighted incidence rates of negative consequences of opioid use (e.g. incarceration, suicide attempts, violent behavior) were estimated for those who were interviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven (3.3%) of the 236 participants with opioid use including four (3.1%) of the 136 with OUD had died by the time of the follow\u2010up interview, resulting in death rates of 0.49 [95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.21\u20131.38] and 0.53 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.16\u20132.62) per 100 person\u2010years, respectively. Overall, 35.0% of participants with opioid use and 44.0% of those with OUD among the 145 individuals interviewed at follow\u2010up experienced non\u2010fatal serious adverse outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Iran, opioid use and opioid use disorder are associated with increased mortality and other adverse outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T09:24:39Z","timestamp":1642411479000},"page":"2059-2066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mortality and negative outcomes of opioid use and opioid use disorder: a 6\u2010year follow\u2010up study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Jaleh","family":"Gholami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahab","family":"Baheshmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasna","family":"Rostam\u2010Abadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marziyeh","family":"Hamzehzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Mojtabai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5761-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afarin","family":"Rahimi\u2010Movaghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Amin\u2010Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Mental Health Department Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30337-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 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