{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:16:44Z","timestamp":1790439404633,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004385","name":"Universiteit Gent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005026","name":"Stichting Tegen Kanker","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/18:1 (PEth) is a biomarker for alcohol intake. It has a half\u2010life of 7.9\u00a0days. Chronic alcohol consumption causes high PEth values. It can take weeks before PEth values fall below the decision limit for \u2018alcohol abstinence\u2019. Our aim was to validate whether alcohol abstinence can be determined based on two consecutive PEth results above the decision limit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Belgium, February 2019. The study was linked to a social initiative in Belgium, \u2018Tourn\u00e9e Min\u00e9rale\u2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adults (aged &gt;\u200918\u2009years, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009796) with varying drinking habits who self\u2010reportedly refrained from alcohol consumption during the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>A validated liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry method was used to quantify PEth in participants\u2019 dried blood samples, collected at three time\u2010points via remote fingerprick\u2010based self\u2010sampling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>A population\u2010based algorithm to evaluate abstinence based on 95% prediction limits was developed by fitting a linear mixed\u2010effect model to discern patterns in PEth elimination over time. It took intra\u2010 and inter\u2010individual variability into consideration. The algorithm was included in a two\u2010step decision tree, assessing whether (i) PEth values fell within the prediction interval and (ii) the slope between two PEth values was consistent with no alcohol consumption. Data for 74 participants reporting no alcohol intake during the study were used for validation. With a detection limit of \u2018four units spread over 14 days\u2019, the sensitivity and specificity of the decision tree was 89%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Claims of alcohol abstinence can be verified using a two\u2010step decision tree for phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/18:1 values, even when those values are above the limit for \u2018alcohol abstinence\u2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T10:33:10Z","timestamp":1643020390000},"page":"2108-2118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Set\u2010up of a population\u2010based model to verify alcohol abstinence via monitoring of the direct alcohol marker phosphatidylethanol 16:0\/18:1"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Katleen","family":"Van Uytfanghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6368-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liesl","family":"Heughebaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Abatih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fostering Innovative Research Based on Evidence (FIRE) Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe P.","family":"Stove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Alcohol biomarkers in clinical and forensic contexts","volume":"115","author":"Andresen\u2010Streichert H","year":"2018","journal-title":"Deutsc Arztebl Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5031339"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13874"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agz027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3458-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.09.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1300-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2016.1190014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2809"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121694"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"1747","article-title":"National harmonization of the alcohol biomarker PEth","volume":"110","author":"Helander A","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1445-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(00)00291-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2009.00185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2017.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01768.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms131114788"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"Tourn\u00e9e Min\u00e9rale 2021. 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