{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:18:08Z","timestamp":1790032688106,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current phase of the North American \u2018opioid crisis\u2019 is characterised by illicit fentanyl use; however, the presence of illicit fentanyl in Australia is unknown. This study aimed to monitor unintentional fentanyl consumption in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapid urine drug screens (UDS) paired with surveys conducted within supervised injecting facilities (SIFs) and confirmatory laboratory testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sydney and Melbourne, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clients who used heroin within the past 2\u2009days (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009911 tests, 2017\u20132021). Participants were demographically similar to the overall client base (median age 43, 72% male).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UDS were conducted using BTNX Rapid Response fentanyl urine strip tests with cross\u2010reactivity to numerous fentanyl analogues. Positive urine samples were analysed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Surveys covered past 3\u2009day drug use and lifetime report of fentanyl in heroin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two percent of participants reported intentional use of fentanyl, mostly through fentanyl patches. Of the 911 rapid UDS conducted, 17 (1.9%) yielded positive results. Eight of these (all from Melbourne) were not explained by survey\u2010reported fentanyl use in the past 3\u00a0days. Of these 8 unexplained positives, confirmatory laboratory analysis was conducted on 6, with 4 deemed to be false positives, and 2 confirmed for the presence of fentanyl. This represents the first confirmation of unintended use of fentanyl type substances in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is limited evidence of unintentional fentanyl use among people in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia who regularly inject heroin, suggesting that, currently, there is very little illicit fentanyl in Australian drug markets accessed by supervised injecting facilities attendees. This study demonstrates the feasibility of quick onsite testing to cost\u2010effectively screen large samples for fentanyl; however, the high false positive rate emphasises the need for confirmation of positive tests through advanced analytical techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T05:18:51Z","timestamp":1644211131000},"page":"2331-2337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Infrequent detection of unintentional fentanyl use via urinalysis among people who regularly inject opioids in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica J.","family":"Barratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre RMIT University  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting Centre  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Latimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting Centre  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Jauncey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting Centre  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medically Supervised Injecting Room, North Richmond Community Health  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medically Supervised Injecting Room, North Richmond Community Health  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Gerostamoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Glowacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Forensic Science University of Technology Sydney  NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Morelato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Forensic Science University of Technology Sydney  NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.Understanding the Epidemic 2020 [cited 2021 11 Feb]. 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Available from:https:\/\/www.health.nsw.gov.au\/aod\/public-drug-alerts\/Pages\/heroin-may-contain-fentanyl-sydney-update.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MirandaC. Rise in dark web drugs sparks fears in Australia of an likely epidemic. 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