{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:53:18Z","timestamp":1792108398208,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001921","name":"Public Health Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR132158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR132158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Smoking is extremely common among adults experiencing homelessness, but there is lack of evidence for treatment efficacy. E\u2010cigarettes are an effective quitting aid, but they have not been widely tested in smokers with complex health and social needs. Here we build upon our cluster feasibility trial and evaluate the offer of an e\u2010cigarette or usual care to smokers accessing a homeless centre.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, Setting and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multi\u2010centre two\u2010arm cluster\u2010randomized controlled trial with mixed\u2010method embedded process and economic evaluation in homeless centres in England, Scotland and Wales. Adult smokers (18+\u2009years; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009480) accessing homeless centres and who are known to centre staff and willing to consent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention and Comparator<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clusters (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200932) will be randomized to either an e\u2010cigarette starter pack with weekly allocations of nicotine containing e\u2010liquid for 4\u00a0weeks [choice of flavours (menthol, fruit and tobacco) and strengths 12\u2009mg\/ml and 18\u2009mg\/ml] or the usual care intervention, which comprises very brief advice and a leaflet signposting to the local stop smoking service.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome is 24\u2010week sustained carbon monoxide\u2010validated smoking cessation (Russell Standard defined, intention\u2010to\u2010treat analysis). Secondary outcomes: (i) 50% smoking reduction (cigarettes per day) from baseline to 24\u2009weeks; (ii) 7\u2010day point prevalence quit rates at 4\u2010, 12\u2010 and 24\u2010week follow\u2010up; (iii) changes in risky smoking practices (e.g. sharing cigarettes, smoking discarded cigarettes) from baseline to 4, 12 and 24\u2009weeks; (iv) cost\u2010effectiveness of the intervention; and (v) fidelity of intervention implementation; mechanisms of change; contextual influences and sustainability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study, to our knowledge, to randomly assign smokers experiencing homelessness to an e\u2010cigarette and usual care intervention to measure smoking abstinence with embedded process and economic evaluations. If effective, its results will be used to inform the larger\u2010scale implementation of offering e\u2010cigarettes throughout homeless centres to aid smoking cessation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T05:51:38Z","timestamp":1645595498000},"page":"2096-2107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evaluating the effectiveness of e\u2010cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation when offered to smokers at homeless centres: protocol for a multi\u2010centre cluster\u2010randomized controlled trial in Great Britain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8494-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Spectrum Research Consortium  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7411-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Bauld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrum Research Consortium  UK"},{"name":"Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine University of Edinburgh  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4475-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement, (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Carlisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centrepoint Soho Ltd  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3624-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9160-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Hajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1496-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinshuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of York  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-3304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin","family":"Notley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Group, Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Parrott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of York  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2054-7930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Pesola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrum Research Consortium  UK"},{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6447-3523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectrum Research Consortium  UK"},{"name":"Addictions Department Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; 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