{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:43:05Z","timestamp":1792755785298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study estimated the likelihoods of individuals transitioning to different cannabis use status following recreational cannabis legalization (RCL) in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary analysis of a nationally representative longitudinal cohort in the United States. We used propensity score matching to balance individual characteristics between RCL and comparison states and generalized mixed regressions to estimate behavioral transitions in matched samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A longitudinal cohort of 21\u2009863 individuals (6925 youths and 14\u2009938 adults) participating in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health waves 3 and 4.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four RCL states that implemented RCL between waves 3 and 4 (California, Massachusetts, Nevada and Maine) and comparison states in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transitions in cannabis use over the two waves: (1) from non\u2010users to users; (2) from non\u2010users to weekly users; (3) from users to non\u2010users. Individuals in RCL states were compared with matched individuals in (1) states with medical cannabis legalization (MCL), (2) states not legalizing cannabis (non\u2010legalizing) and (3) MCL and non\u2010legalizing states combined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among youths, the association between RCL and greater odds of transition from non\u2010users to users was seen in comparison with non\u2010legalizing states [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20092.18, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20091.37\u20133.45] and combined states (OR\u2009=\u20091.73, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.23\u20132.42). Evidence was lacking regarding the associations between RCL and transitions from non\u2010users to weekly users and from users to non\u2010users. Among adults, RCL was associated with greater odds of transitions from non\u2010users to users and non\u2010users to weekly users if RCL states were compared with non\u2010legalizing states (OR\u2009=\u20091.68, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.15\u20132.46; OR\u2009=\u20091.82, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.00\u20133.31, respectively) or combined states (OR\u2009=\u20091.51, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.11\u20132.07; OR\u2009=\u20092.09, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.19\u20133.66, respectively). RCL was also associated with lower odds of transition from users to non\u2010users if RCL states were compared with non\u2010legalizing states (OR\u2009=\u20090.54, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.35\u20130.81).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There appears to be some evidence that recreational cannabis legalization in the United States is associated with elevated odds of transition to cannabis use among both youths and adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T02:19:03Z","timestamp":1653617943000},"page":"2651-2659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Recreational cannabis legalization and transitions in cannabis use: findings from a nationally representative longitudinal cohort in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Gunadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science University of California San Diego  CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science University of California San Diego  CA USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Emergency Management Southern University of Science and Technology  Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9293-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science University of California San Diego  CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive (NSDUH). Interactive NSDUH state estimates. Baltimore MD: NSDUH;2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"HartmanM.Cannabis overview. Washington DC: National Conference of State Legislature;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61037-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.3624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.1720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14939"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13906"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3254"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.03.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280214543508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610910902859574"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.2545"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15895","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.15895","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15895","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T02:26:05Z","timestamp":1692671165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.15895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.15895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15895","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}