{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:27:16Z","timestamp":1792211236600,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple studies have examined barriers and facilitators to help\u2010seeking, but the prevalence of help\u2010seeking for problem gambling (PG) is not well established. We aimed to estimate the international prevalence of help\u2010seeking for PG among the general population and among subgroups of people at risk for PG (i.e. low\u2010risk, moderate\u2010risk and PG).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic search of grey literature (through gambling repositories, gambling research institutes and Google) and peer\u2010reviewed literature (through ProQuest, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus) for gambling prevalence studies that reported on help\u2010seeking for PG. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analyses. Studies used representative sampling methods to determine the prevalence of gambling participation and data collection 2010 onward. Twenty\u2010four studies met the inclusion criteria. The main outcome was population prevalence of help\u2010seeking for PG. Help\u2010seeking was defined as any intentional action to change gambling behaviours, including professional services (inclusive of in\u2010person or distance help), non\u2010professional help (e.g. from family and friends) and self\u2010help. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explain variability in help\u2010seeking prevalence estimates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurement of help\u2010seeking was inconsistent across included studies and, overall, there was high risk of bias. We estimated a general population help\u2010seeking prevalence for PG of 0.23% (95% CI, 0.16\u20130.33). Prevalence estimates were significantly higher in studies assessing lifetime (0.50%; 95% CI, 0.35\u20130.71) compared with current help\u2010seeking (0.14%; 95% CI, 0.10\u20130.20, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001), but there was no evidence of difference in prevalence estimates by gambling participation, region, type of help\u2010seeking, or year of data collection. Compared with people with low\u2010risk gambling (0.27%; 95% CI, 0.07%\u20131.04%), prevalence estimates were significantly higher in those with moderate\u2010risk (3.73%; 95% CI, 2.07%\u20136.63%) and problem gambling (20.63%; 95% CI, 12.89%\u201331.35%, P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>One in 25 moderate\u2010risk gamblers and 1 in 5 people with problem gambling have sought help for problems related to their gambling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T23:01:05Z","timestamp":1657753265000},"page":"2972-2985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Global prevalence of help\u2010seeking for problem gambling: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9150-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rimke","family":"Bijker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"Merkouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Deakin University  Geelong Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8592-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicki A.","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Deakin University  Geelong Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne Graduate School of Education University of Melbourne  Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7973-1003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone N.","family":"Rodda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Psychology Deakin University  Geelong Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1807"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-020-01437-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","article-title":"Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling","volume":"11","author":"Cowlishaw S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000290"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CliffordG.The evolution of problem gambling helplines. In the pursuit of winning: Springer;2008. p.291\u2013312.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72173-6_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.9419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Adolescents, social support and help\u2010seeking behaviour","author":"Barker G","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000393"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09918-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9129-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9373-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOGS.0000022305.01606.da"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9151-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-005-3029-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0939-5911\/a000560"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"WilliamsRJ VolbergRA StevensRM.The population prevalence of problem gambling: methodological influences standardized rates jurisdictional differences and worldwide trends.2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2013-101699"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","volume-title":"The Canadian Problem Gambling Index","author":"Ferris JA","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101784"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"AbbottM BellringerM GarrettN Mundy\u2010McPhersonS.New Zealand 2012 National Gambling Study: Gambling harm and problem gambling.2014. Report No.: 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"ACIL Allen Consulting.Social and economic impact study of gambling in Tasmania: Gambling survey.2011. Report No.: 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","unstructured":"ACIL Allen Consulting.Third social and economic impact study of gambling in Tasmania: 2013 Tasmanian gambling prevalence survey.2014. Report No.: 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"ACIL Allen Consulting.Fourth social and economic impact study of gambling in Tasmania (2017): Prevalence study.2017. Report No.: 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","unstructured":"BrowneM RockloffM HingN RussellA Murray BoyleC RawatV.NSW gambling survey 2019.2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"DavidsonT RodgersB Taylor\u2010RodgersE SumoiA LucasN.2014 Survey on gambling health and wellbeing in the ACT: Final report.2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","unstructured":"Department of Justice and Attorney\u2010General State of Queensland.Queensland household gambling survey 2011\u20102012.2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"Department of Justice and Attorney\u2010General State of Queensland.Queensland household gambling survey 2016\u201317.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"GonnermanM LutzG.Gambling attitudes and behaviors: A 2011 survey of adult Iowans.2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"HareS.Study of gambling and health in Victoria: Findings from the Victorian prevalence study 2014.2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"HingN GainsburyS BlaszczynskiA WoodR LubmanD RussellA.Interactive Gambling.2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"LutzG ParkK.Gambling attitudes and behaviors: A 2013 survey of adult Iowans.2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","unstructured":"National Gambling Board South Africa.Socio\u2010economic impact of gambling in South Africa.2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","unstructured":"Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness.2013 Nova Scotia adult gambling information collection project: Technical report.2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","unstructured":"O'NeilM WhettonS DelfabbroP SprostonK BrookK HughesP et al.Fifth social and economic impact study of gambling in Tasmania 2021: 2020 prevalence survey report.2021. Report No.: 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","unstructured":"PatersonM LeslieP TaylorM.2019 ACT Gambling Survey.2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"RotundaR SchellT.Gambling and problem gambling prevalence among adults in Florida: A 2011 replication.2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","unstructured":"Social Research Centre.Gambling prevalence in South Australia (2012).2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","unstructured":"SprostonK HingN PalankayC.Prevalence of gambling and problem gambling in New South Wales.2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"StevensM.2015 Northern Territory gambling prevalence and wellbeing survey.2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","unstructured":"StevensM GuptaM FlackM.Northern Territory gambling prevalence and wellbeing survey report 2018.2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","unstructured":"StreichF AntonM BoschW.Gambling in Minnesota: A study of participation attitudes and the prevalence of problem gambling.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","unstructured":"WilliamsR VolbergR.Gambling and problem gambling in Ontario.2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","unstructured":"WoodsA SprostonK BrookK DelfabbroP O'NeilM.Gambling prevalence in South Australia (2018): Final report.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.59.11.1343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.12.5.425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2010.61.12.1223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.2.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415575774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2014_28_168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-011-9265-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-016-9661-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","first-page":"420","article-title":"Behaviour change strategies for problem gambling: An analysis of online posts","volume":"18","author":"Rodda SN","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Gambl Stud"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","volume-title":"Gamblers at\u2010risk and their help\u2010seeking behaviour","author":"Hing N","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S38707"}],"container-title":["Addiction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15952","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/add.15952","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/add.15952","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T06:21:20Z","timestamp":1692685280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/add.15952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/add.15952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15952","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0965-2140","1360-0443"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0965-2140","type":"print"},{"value":"1360-0443","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}