{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:05:59Z","timestamp":1781625959973,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most extant evidence has addressed between\u2010person differences, short\u2010term or cross\u2010sectional associations of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use with other substance use, the majority focusing on current rather than escalated use. The present study aimed to examine within\u2010person changes in escalated ENDS use and their associations with individual and combined substance use over a 6\u2010year period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, Setting and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used a longitudinal cohort design with US young adults. A generalized linear mixed\u2010model approach was employed to fit a series of weighted logistic regression models. Data were drawn from waves 1\u20135 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study in the United States. Of the 9110 young adults at baseline, aged 18\u201324\u2009years, a total of 5042 individuals had matched data across all five waves of assessments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>Escalated ENDS use was computed by subtracting the number of days of ENDS use within the past 30\u2009days at wave \n from that at wave \n and coded as 1\u2009=\u2009escalated, if the value was greater than zero (otherwise, coded as 0\u2009=\u2009not escalated).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Escalated ENDS use gradually decreased over time, with the lowest prevalence at wave 4 (4.0%) but sharply increasing at wave 5 (8.4%). Escalated ENDS use was associated with increased odds of using each substance (binge drinking, marijuana use, marijuana vaping, prescription and illicit drugs) and different combinations of polysubstance use between cigarette smoking, binge drinking and marijuana use (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>s\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In addition, sweet\/fruit flavor use (versus menthol\/mint) was associated with increased likelihood of reporting co\u2010use of cigarettes and marijuana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the United States, the prevalence of young adults using electronic nicotine delivery systems appears to have increased steadily between 2013 and 2019, although the rate of increase may have started to accelerate in recent years. Escalated electronic nicotine delivery systems use and time\u2010lagged established electronic nicotine delivery systems use appear to be prospectively associated with individual and combined substance use, particularly between cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana. Among established electronic nicotine delivery systems users, sweet\/fruit flavor appears to be associated with increased risk of co\u2010using cigarettes and marijuana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T13:02:51Z","timestamp":1668171771000},"page":"509-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Within\u2010person associations of escalated electronic nicotine delivery systems use with cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and drug use behaviors among US young adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2929-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae\u2010Hee","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0319-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kit K.","family":"Elam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick D.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunfeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1972-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong\u2010Chul","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse.Vaping and cannabis trends among young adults (19\u201322). 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